The reason and solution of low hatching rate of raising ostrich eggs

The following nine aspects may cause embryonic development, resulting in embryonic death or weak nestling, hindered development, etc., with a high mortality rate. In view of the following incentives, research and improvement will improve the hatching effect.

(1) the high inbreeding coefficient affects the hatching rate.

The inbreeding coefficient is high, inbreeding can lead to a series of decline phenomena, such as low hatching rate of breeding eggs, abnormal fetal position and high early death. The nestling is weak in the ability to get out of the shell, unable to break the shell, resulting in death in the shell. The nestling is weak, most of them are weak chicks, with slow growth and high mortality. The parents were not related by blood, and the hybrids had strong vitality and high hatching rate among varieties (such as red neck X black neck).

(2) malnutrition of species birds affects hatching rate

The lack of nutrition of breeding birds leads to the imbalance of nutrition of breeding eggs, which leads to early and middle embryo death or nestling deformity in the process of hatching.

1. Vitamin E and vitamin A deficiency hinder blood circulation and lead to embryo death.

2. Vitamin B12 deficiency causes goiter, bleeding, edema and blindness.

3. The deficiency of riboflavin and biotin causes abnormal cartilage development, short bones, curled toes and thin legs.

4. Deficiency of vitamin D3 or deficiency of phosphorus and calcium, imbalance of proportion, causing bone deformity.

5. Lack of trace elements manganese and zinc, resulting in abnormal bone development, short cartilage and leg bones, and deformities.

(3) Escherichia coli, salmonella and other infectious diseases in breeding birds affect the hatching rate

Escherichia coli and salmonella can be transmitted vertically to breeding eggs. Even if the embryo is fully developed during hatching, it dies in the eggshell because of yolk infection and swelling in the later stage of incubation. The chicks that come out of the shell have enlarged abdomen, incomplete closure of umbilical cord, inflammation and low survival rate.

(4) the weight and quality of eggs affect the hatching rate.

1. The weight of breeding eggs as breeding eggs, its weight is generally 1000ml 1500g. The egg is too large (more than 1600 grams), the air chamber is relatively small, the late embryonic development is poor, it is difficult to get out of the shell or the nestling is weak. If the eggs are too small (less than 900 grams), most of the chicks are weak, and the survival rate is very low.

2. The shape of the egg is the best. The structure of long eggs, pointed eggs, specially round eggs, soft eggs and deformed eggs is abnormal, which affects the development of embryos and the hatching effect is poor.

The shape of the egg is often expressed by the egg shape index, the egg shape index = the short diameter of the egg / the long diameter of the egg x100%. The smaller the index, the more round the egg tends to be, and the higher the index is, the longer the egg tends to be.

3. The eggshell with good quality is yellowish yellow and evenly distributed with a transparent, smooth and bright enamel film, and the air chamber is at the blunt end of the egg (big head). The stomata in the eggshell are obvious, and many stomata are concentrated at the blunt end of the egg. Eggs with rough surface, lack of enamel film and dull eggs, thin preserved eggs, sand preserved eggs, etc., are easy to be contaminated under natural conditions. When hatching, it is difficult for this kind of egg to play the function of eggshell to protect the normal development of the embryo, and the embryo can die at any time.

4. The contaminated eggs are contaminated by feces, urine and Rain Water. Harmful bacteria enter the eggs through the gas on the eggshell, endangering embryonic development and prone to smelly eggs.

(5) improper handling of breeding eggs before hatching, affecting embryonic development and leading to pre-embryonic death.

The main results are as follows: 1. the substandard temperature, humidity and sanitary conditions in the egg storage room affect the embryo development. The temperature in the egg storage room should be controlled at about 18 degrees Celsius and should not be higher than 23 degrees Celsius, because 23 degrees Celsius is the critical temperature for the development of breeding eggs. Above 23 degrees Celsius, embryonic cells begin to divide and embryos develop slowly. After hatching, such eggs will lead to weak embryos or dead embryos.

The relative humidity of the egg storage room is controlled at 60%, 70%. Can not be higher than 80%, humidity more than 80%, conducive to the growth of bacteria, breeding eggs are easy to pollute, affecting the quality of eggs.

The egg storage room should be disinfected regularly, kill the pathogenic bacteria, keep clean and hygienic, and prevent the pollution of eggs.

2. The storage time of breeding eggs affects the development of embryos. Practice has proved that the best compatibility of storage temperature and hatching time is as follows: when the egg storage room is 18-20 degrees Celsius, the breeding eggs are stored for 7 days; the storage temperature is 16-18 degrees Celsius; the maximum storage temperature is 15 days; the storage temperature is 12 degrees Celsius, and the incubation time shall not exceed 30 days. In the meantime, you should often turn the eggs. If the above storage principles are not observed, the storage time of breeding eggs is too long, the temperature of egg storage room is high, and the embryo development is very weak after hatching, resulting in early embryo death.

3. If the amount of fumigation and disinfection is large, or the fumigation time is long, the blastocyst is seriously stimulated, which will lead to the death of the embryo.

(6) the effect of temperature and humidity on the hatching effect during the incubation period.

Because the incubation temperature is incorrect, it affects the activity of various enzymes in the egg, which makes the development of various tissues and organs maladjusted, affects the development of the embryo, and even leads to the early or late death of the embryo. The quality of the nestling is also poor.

1. When the incubation temperature is high, it will appear:

The main results are as follows: (1) the embryo develops rapidly, hatches early, the nestling is weak, and the growth stagnates.

(2) it is difficult for the embryo to break the shell and often die in the shell.

(3) Neurological disorders such as ataxia often occur in nestlings.

2. When the incubation temperature is too low, it will appear:

The main results are as follows: (1) the development of embryo is slow and the time of hatching is delayed.

(2) the yolk sac of nestling was not absorbed or malabsorbed.

(3) the umbilical cord of nestling is not completely closed and there is inflammation.

(4) when coming out of the shell, the residual egg white makes the nestling adhere to the egg slices, which will damage the nestling skin.

(5) the nestling is weak, the development is hindered and the mortality rate is high.

3. When the incubation humidity is too high, it will appear:

The main results are as follows: (1) it is difficult to dissipate water (weightlessness) in the egg, which seriously affects the gas exchange and edema of the embryo, is unable to come out of the shell and dies in the shell.

(2) most of the chicks coming out of the shell are wet and weak, often accompanied by abdominal swelling, edema, incomplete closure of umbilical cord, easy infection and inflammation, and high mortality.

4. Low incubation humidity will appear:

(1) the nestling is weak and stagnant.

(2) abnormal bone development.

(3) bending of neck.

(7) the interval between turning eggs is too long or stops turning eggs during the incubation period, which will affect the hatching rate

The interval between turning eggs during incubation is too long or stops turning eggs completely, which leads to abnormal fetal position, such as flexed neck and twisted toes of nestlings, or embryonic death.

(8) the ventilation of the incubator is out of control, affecting the hatching rate

The ventilation of the incubator was out of control, the balance of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the incubator was out of balance, and the oxygen supply was insufficient, resulting in asphyxiation and death of embryos in the later stage.

(9) A power outage will cause embryo death

Due to the power outage, the incubator stopped running and the temperature inside the machine decreased. When the egg is cooled for more than 3 hours, the embryo dies.

The hatching rate of ostrich breeding eggs is a comprehensive index, which is affected by many factors, but the most important is the quality of ostrich breeding eggs and the management of incubation period. If you grasp the following points, the hatching rate will be greatly improved.

(1) pick up eggs and eggs in time after they are produced. The sun should not be exposed for a long time, because the high temperature will increase the temperature in the embryo and kill the embryo. You can't freeze your eggs in winter, and you can't take them by hand. Wrap them with sterilized towels and send them to the hatchery immediately.

(2) there are two commonly used methods for disinfecting breeding eggs: one is to wash eggs. Before washing eggs, the soil or dirt on the surface of breeding eggs must be gently brushed off, and then washed or sprayed with 1 ∶ 600 parathion solution. After washing, dry naturally in the air, remember not to wipe with a wet cloth; second, fumigation, fumigation must control the dose and time, generally per cubic meter with 40% formalin 15 ml and 7.5 grams of potassium permanganate, fumigation time is generally no more than 17 minutes.

(3) the eggs stored and bred shall be put into the egg storage room immediately after disinfection, and the eggs shall generally be stored for no more than 7 days. The air chamber of the eggs should be placed upward when the eggs are stored. The temperature of the egg storage room should be controlled between 13 and 16 ℃, preferably no more than 17 ℃, and the humidity should be controlled at about 45% and no more than 60%. The air in the egg storage room should be well ventilated, and the eggs should not be flipped at will during storage.

(4) the temperature of incubation is the decisive factor for the success of hatching. For example, hatching at high temperature and low humidity will dry the intima of the egg, wrap the embryo tightly, the development of intestinal fetus is weak, and the survival rate is low; similarly, low temperature hatching will prolong the incubation time and result in non-absorption of yolk and edematous birds before hatching, and the shell rate is also low, so the hatching temperature should not be lower than 36 ℃. The specific situation should be grasped according to different seasons, different incubation periods and temperature differences between the north and south regions.

(5) the humidity of hatching is also an important factor affecting the hatching rate. If the incubation humidity is too high, it is easy to cause edematous birds; if the hatching humidity is too low, the embryo will lose weight too much, causing the embryo to be weak and die. The humidity of hatching is generally determined by the water loss rate of hatching eggs. Generally, the optimum humidity for hatching eggs is 22%. If the humidity is too high, it is necessary to dehumidify the air in the hatching room.

(6) changing air and turning eggs is also one of the factors affecting the hatching rate of breeding eggs. Embryonic development requires breathing, inhaling oxygen from the air and exhaling carbon dioxide. Hypoxia can lead to embryonic death and the increase of weak chicks. At present, both imported and domestic incubators can ensure the exchange of air and will not cause hypoxia, but it is necessary to ensure that the air entering the incubator is fresh. In addition, in order to ensure that the eggs are heated evenly and prevent the adhesion of the shell membrane, you can set the incubator to flip once every 2 hours (90 degree angle) or once per hour.

(7) Hatching equipment since the introduction of ostriches into China, imported hatching equipment has been used. From the perspective of hatching effect, domestic machines can be comparable to imported machines, but because domestic hatching equipment does not have a dehumidification system, therefore, the air in the hatching room must be dehumidified.

In addition to the above points, the hatchery staff must strictly abide by the environmental hygiene disinfection system. Staff must shower, change clothes, change shoes and step on disinfectant when entering the hatchery. Non-staff members are not allowed to enter the hatchery. Only in this way can the hatching rate of breeding eggs be improved better and more effectively.