Requirements of climatic and ecological conditions for growing pineapple

1. Temperature. Under the condition of annual average temperature above 23 ℃ and humid conditions, the pineapple grew well, the most suitable daily average temperature for production was 24-27 ℃, the production was slow at 10-14 ℃, and the growth tended to stop below 10 ℃, which showed that the new roots stopped growing, the leaves could not continue to grow and the fruit development stopped, and the pineapple began to grow normally when the temperature was stable at 14 ℃. Therefore, 14 ℃ is the critical temperature for normal growth of pineapple. When the temperature is as low as 2-5 ℃, there will be symptoms of low temperature damage, such as too long (1-2 days), leaf tip drying, leaf color turning yellow, 5cm deep surface root system death, immature or mature pericarp local blackening, pulp shrinkage and other mild cold injury; if the temperature drops to 0 ℃, if it lasts for more than 1 day, it will cause plant heart leaf rot, root system freeze to death, fruit atrophy and rot. Therefore, 0 ℃ is the critical temperature for pineapple to be seriously damaged by cold. For example, when the temperature reaches-2 ℃, the plant almost dies. Too high temperature is not suitable for pineapple growth and fruit development, when the leaf temperature reaches 40 ℃, the plant growth will not be inhibited, and the young or mature leaves on the sunny side will also be burned; for pineapple planted on sandy soil, when the leaf temperature is above 40 ℃, most of the leaves will dry up, such as long-term drought, it will cause some plants to die. The above critical temperatures affecting pineapple are not absolute, and they are caused by frost injury. if the sunshine is sufficient, the climate is dry and the air temperature drops gradually between autumn and the Beginning of Winter, the leaves and stems of pineapple plant accumulate more carbohydrates. the tissues of the plant are more mature and aging, and the cold resistance is stronger. If the temperature drops suddenly, the rainfall is more than the normal year, the plant leaves and stems accumulate less carbohydrates, and the tissues are relatively weak and tender, the cold will be serious. The average temperature of ≤ 8 ℃ in winter season lasts more than 3-5 days, with wind and rain, while pineapple is more heartbroken.

2. Rainfall. Pineapple is not strict on rainfall and is more drought-tolerant. Pineapple can grow and develop normally in the tropical rain forest where the annual rainfall 510mm is semi-arid to rainfall 5540mm, and the growth fruit, yield and quality are better in the areas with annual rainfall of 1000-2000mm and monthly distribution. Pineapple leaf is an excellent indicator tissue to reflect soil moisture and atmospheric relative humidity. when there is little water stored in the leaf, the leaf color gradually changes from dark green to light green or yellowish green, and then when the leaf turgor disappears, the leaf changes from light yellow to light red, and the leaf edge rolls back to the back. At this time, if there is water supply, the leaves return to normal. If there is no rain for a long time, the leaves of the pineapple plant will wither gradually from the base to the heart. When there is too much Rain Water and the soil drainage and permeability are extremely poor, the root system of pineapple will rot due to stagnant water and hypoxia for a long time.

3. Sunshine. Under the condition of sufficient light, pineapple has exuberant photosynthesis, high carbohydrate accumulation, strong plant growth, high yield and good quality; insufficient sunshine, slow plant growth, small fruit, low soluble solids content and poor quality. For example, for plants growing in the shade, the fruit tastes sour and has no fragrance; under high temperature and strong sunlight, not only part of the leaves are burned but also the sunny side of the fruit; therefore, sunshine is an important ecological factor for plant growth and fruiting, as well as fruit size and quality. Sunshine has no effect on plant growth and fruit, but has a great effect on stress resistance, especially cold resistance of pineapple. During overwintering, sufficient sunshine is beneficial to photosynthesis and increase carbohydrate (especially sugar accumulation). Thus enhance the cold resistance of the plant. The practical experience of pineapple producing areas in southern subtropics shows that the degree of cold injury of plants planted in shade is often higher than that of plants without shade.

4. Wind. Although wind is a minor ecological factor affecting pineapple cultivation, it is also very disadvantageous to the fruit development of plant growth because of the large soil evaporation in the south subtropical region where the wind is frequent. However, in the producing areas with more winter wind and higher wind speed, they are often vulnerable to advection cold damage. Therefore, wind damage should be taken into account when planning the garden.