Cultivation techniques of Tomato

Temperature conditions for Tomato growth

Tomato is a temperature-loving vegetable, generally speaking, it can adapt to tomato growth in the temperature range of 15-35 ℃. The optimum temperature for assimilation was 20-30 ℃. The growth was affected when the air temperature was as high as 33 ℃, stopped growing when it reached 40 ℃, and high temperature damage would occur when it reached 45 ℃. The growth was slow when the temperature dropped below 10 ℃ and stopped growing at 5 ℃. Tomatoes of minus 1 ℃ and 2 ℃ will freeze to death, but the seedlings which have been hardened by cold tolerance can tolerate minus 2 ℃ for a short time. The optimum ground temperature for tomato growth was 20: 23 ℃. When the local temperature dropped to 6 ℃, the root system stopped growing.

Temperature requirements of Tomato at different Developmental stages

The optimum temperature in seedling stage was 20: 25 ℃ in daytime and 10: 15 ℃ at night. If the temperature is too high or too low in the seedling stage, it is easy to cause weak seedling growth, flower bud differentiation, poor development and poor flower quality, and it is easy to produce falling flowers and fruits in the flowering and fruiting stage.

The flowering stage was sensitive to temperature, and the optimum temperature was 20: 30 ℃ in daytime and 15: 20 ℃ at night. When experiencing low temperature or high temperature above 30 ℃ during flowering, pollen germination and pollen tube elongation are poor, fertilization is poor, and flower and fruit drop is easy to occur.

The results showed that the suitable temperature was 24: 26 ℃ in daytime and 12: 17 ℃ at night.

The optimum temperature of fruit coloring period was 20-25 ℃, and the coloring was poor when it was more than 30 ℃.

The growth and development of tomato needs a certain temperature difference between day and night, especially in the fruiting stage. Tomato plants carry out photosynthesis to produce nutrients during the day, and properly reduce the temperature at night, which is beneficial to the transport and accumulation of nutrients, promote the growth of roots, stems, leaves and fruits, and improve yield and quality. Therefore, tomato production in greenhouse in winter is often overgrown due to excessive heating at night.

Suitable temperature conditions for different stages of Tomato

In the early stage of growth, the relative humidity of the air in the shed should be kept at 600.65%. The air relative humidity should be kept at 450.55% in the middle and later stage of growth.

What kind of light conditions are needed for tomato growth

Tomato is a light-loving short-day crop, but most varieties do not have strict requirements for sunshine and do not need a specific photoperiod, as long as the temperature is suitable, it can be cultivated throughout the year. Generally speaking, the growth is good under the condition of light for 16 hours, and the light saturation point of tomato is 70 000 lux, and the tomato can develop normally at 3 ~ 35000 lux.

No light is needed during the germination period

At the seedling stage, the requirement for light is relatively strict, and the lack of light delays flower bud differentiation, which leads to the increase of flower node position, the decrease of flower number and the decline of flower bud quality.

Lack of light in the flowering period can easily lead to falling flowers and fruits.

Results in the period of strong light, there are many fruits, the single fruit is also large, the fruit setting rate is low, the single fruit weight decreases, and it is easy to appear hollow fruit and tendon rotten fruit.

What kind of water conditions are needed for tomato growth?

The aboveground stems and leaves of tomato are luxuriant, the transpiration is relatively strong, and the transpiration coefficient is about 800, which requires more water. However, the tomato root system is well developed, the water absorption capacity is strong, and the water requirement belongs to the characteristics of semi-drought tolerance, and the air relative humidity is 45% to 50%.

Tomato has different requirements for water in different growth periods.

In order to avoid overgrowth and diseases, the soil moisture should not be too high and irrigation should be controlled properly.

Before the fruit setting of the first inflorescence, the soil moisture is too much, which is easy to cause the plant to grow too much, the root system to develop badly, and the flower to fall.

After the fruit of the first inflorescence was enlarged, the demand for water increased obviously.

During the fruit expansion period, the water absorption of each tomato plant is 1 ~ 2 liters per day, according to the soil transpiration, appropriate watering, frequent watering with small water, and the watering interval of 5 ~ 7 days in the full fruit stage.

Watering principle

The root system of ① tomato is well developed, and watering is very important for controlling overgrowth. First of all, ridging to prevent flood irrigation, to ensure that the normal growth of crops is not short of water, will not rett root death, not stem rot. The ridging height is generally 22 to 25 centimeters high, divided into lines of size. The big row is 80 cm wide, the small row is 60 cm wide, and the small row is shaped into a "V" shape. the small row is watered once 5-7 days before planting, and the ridge 25 cm high is watered to 18-20 cm. The faster the watering speed is, the better. This is called making moisture. After 5-7 days, the seedlings are planted on the water level line of the ridge, and then water is poured to ensure that the seedlings are on the same water level. After 5-7 days, the seedlings are watered slowly, and after the soil moisture is good, the soil permeability is increased. Prevent water from evaporating.

② mulch film waterproof loss in advance, the film must be white, black plastic film will affect the root growth, when the temperature is high, do not spread the plastic film, put it smoothly on the edge of the ridge to prevent high temperature damage to crop leaves. There is no watering for 20-25 days, the first ear grows to eggs or the third ear flower sits before watering and fertilizing. When the seedling grows to 40 centimeters high, when it is hottest at noon, press the seedling to one side to the direction of the ridge to prevent it from growing, and the seedling stands up and then hangs the seedling. If the part is no longer lifted on the ground, it will produce a lot of adventitious roots, increase the fruit expansion speed in the later stage and increase the yield.

What kind of soil does tomato need to grow?

Tomato soil requirements are not too strict, it is best to choose a deep soil layer, good drainage, rich in organic matter of the fertile loam. During the growth period, tomato needs to absorb a lot of nutrients from the soil. To produce 5000 kg of fruit, it is necessary to absorb 33 kg of potassium oxide, 10 kg of nitrogen and 5 kg of phosphorus from the soil. 73% of these elements are distributed in fruits and 27% in stems, leaves, roots and other vegetative organs.

How to enhance the Illumination of Tomato in protected Field

Rational layout: when tomato transplanting, strive for the same seedling size, plant growth neatly, reduce shading between plants. At the same time, it is better to plant the border in the north-south direction, so that it can accept the sun as much as possible and avoid blocking each other as much as possible.

Keep the greenhouse film clean: the water droplets, dust and other sundries on the greenhouse film will reduce the light transmittance by about 30%. Drip-free film is recommended.

Reasonably uncover the grass curtain: under the premise of doing a good job of heat preservation, the curtain is usually opened 0.5 hours after sunrise, and then covered half an hour before sunset. Especially in rainy and rainy days, the curtain should be opened properly to make full use of the scattered light from the sun.

Set up a reflective screen: the aluminized film reflective curtain with a width of 2 meters and a length of 3 meters is hung on the north side of the greenhouse to make it perpendicular to the ground, which can increase the light of the ground by about 40%, and the temperature of the greenhouse by 3 ℃ ~ 4 ℃. In addition, laying silver-gray plastic film on the ground can also increase the light intensity between plants.

Do a good job of plant arrangement: timely field management such as pruning, beating power, binding vines, beating old leaves and so on, so as to facilitate ventilation and light in the shed.

The role of various fertilizer elements

① nitrogen fertilizer: improve crop nutrition running speed, lengthen Internode, lengthen petiole, open large leaf, limit use, overuse crop Internode lengthening, stem thin, petiole super-long, leaf super-large and thin, leaf color light yellow, small fruit in late flowering, slow fruit expansion, affect yield and decrease disease resistance (chicken manure and compound fertilizer must be used less in the old shed). The ability to resist cold is also greatly reduced.

② calcium superphosphate: contains phosphorus and calcium, calcium fertilizer increases crop cell division, blossoms and fruits, flower organ is strong, increases pollination rate, reduces abnormal fruit, when the ground temperature is low, root growth is slow, it is difficult to absorb calcium, it will cause calcium deficiency to appear abnormal fruit, gluten rotten diseased fruit, remedial methods, calcium nitrate is applied in water, and calcium nitrate is sprayed once per ear when the fruit grows to the size of peanut.

③ phosphate fertilizer: promote crop root growth, determine root growth number, reduce the number of phosphorus deficiency main roots, affect crop nutrition transport, early ploughing must use good phosphate fertilizer, deep roots, good transport of nutrients for crops, increase cold and drought resistance, reduce watering times, prevent watering, high humidity, and serious diseases.

④ potash fertilizer: turning the ground should make potassium sulfate, strong straw, expand the fruit, make the fruit good color, bright surface, good hardness, resistant to transportation.

⑤ magnesium fertilizer: increase the chlorophyll content of crops and promote photosynthesis. When magnesium fertilizer is insufficient, the leaves will appear irregular mass macular chlorosis. The distribution of various trace elements is directly related to magnesium.

⑥ zinc fertilizer: accelerate the running speed of crop nutrition, grow faster, and not yellowing shrinking head also play a role in photosynthesis.

⑦ iron fertilizer: after crop absorption, it inhibits the growth of bacteria and forms a protective film on the surface of crop leaves to improve crop disease resistance. Due to the lack of iron, the leaves of the plants were yellowed and the resistance decreased.

⑧ boron fertilizer: increase crop cell division, promote flower bud differentiation, improve crop reproductive growth and vegetative growth balance. Lack of boron, buds do not form or buds are small.

⑨ copper sulfate: improve crop disease resistance, in the crop leaves, straw surface layer to form a wax layer, so that bacteria can not invade.

The use of various elements has a certain amount, and the overuse of each element will affect the absorption of other elements.

How to fertilize Tomato

Full application of base fertilizer: the base fertilizer is mainly rotten high-quality organic fertilizer, 2500~3000kg is applied per mu, and appropriate amount of chemical fertilizer is mixed according to the maturity of tomato varieties and cultivation period.

For early-maturing varieties, ● applied calcium superphosphate 2530 kg per mu, potassium sulfate 1520 kg, and urea about 10 kg per mu.

For ● late-maturing varieties, nitrogen fertilizer should be properly controlled.

It is generally believed that the distribution of nitrogen fertilizer in tomato mulched with ● plastic film should be based on the base and topdressing each other.

In addition to phosphate fertilizer, full-layer fertilization can be carried out to evenly mix fertilizer and topsoil, so as to achieve the blending of soil and fertilizer. Calcium superphosphate was fully mixed with organic fertilizer and applied in the planting hole to reduce the fixation of soil to phosphorus. After the tomato seedlings were arranged in the planting hole, the seedlings were stabilized by pouring rotten manure and dilute 500kg. In addition, in order to make the tomato root grow normally and increase the sugar content, it is very effective to apply a small amount of boron fertilizer during sowing.

Reasonable topdressing: 7-10 days after planting, combined with watering and topdressing once, applying dilute 500kg per mu of manure. Urea 10~15kg was applied in combination with watering when the first ear began to expand. When the fruit of the first ear is about to be harvested, when the fruit of the second and third ear expands, the plant enters the peak yield period, applying manure dilute 1000kg or available nitrogen fertilizer per mu, preferably alternately applying manure and nitrogen fertilizer for 3 times, can achieve the purpose of strengthening seedling, preventing premature senescence and improving fruit quality. In each topdressing period, combined with 200 × 300 times of sea elf biological stimulant, it can play a variety of functions, such as rooting and strong seedling, balancing nutrition, protecting flowers and fruits, and so on.

Timely fertilizer spraying: in the middle and later stage of tomato growth, stem and leaf growth began to slow down. In order to strive for middle and late yield and prevent premature senescence, foliar spraying 500-880 times of phosphorus and potassium source pool had a good effect on promoting fruit development.

How to apply fertilizer scientifically to tomato in protected field

Pay attention to organic fertilizer: organic fertilizer contains comprehensive nutritional elements. The effect of fertilizer is slow and long. The organic fertilizer used must be fermented well, otherwise, it is easy to produce harmful gases.

Generally, high quality organic fertilizer 4000~5000kg is applied per mu. The inoculation preparation of microorganism can also be applied, the dosage of 2~3kg per mu.

Balanced application of chemical fertilizer: chemical fertilizer has high nutrient content and fast fertilizer effect, which can make up for the deficiency of organic fertilizer and some nutrient elements in soil. As long as balanced application will not cause harm to plants and the environment.

Commonly used fertilizers are: urea, calcium superphosphate, potassium sulfate, borax, zinc sulfate and ternary compound fertilizer.

Principles of topdressing Tomato in protected Field

The general principle is "one control, two promotion, three sprays and four taboos".

One control: during the period from tomato planting to fruit setting, we should look at the topdressing of seedlings and control the amount of topdressing. If topdressing is too much and too concentrated, it is easy to cause overgrowth of plants, and even lead to falling flowers and fruits. Therefore, in the case of serious lack of fertilizer, the amount of topdressing should be controlled and dilute manure water or biochemical organic fertilizer solution should be applied slightly.

The second promotion: tomato fruit expansion period and harvest period should be appropriate amount of topdressing to promote its growth and development. When the fruit of the first ear grows to the size of walnut, quick-acting fertilizer should be applied quickly for 1 or 2 times, and 30% human feces and urine or 5% sulfur compound fertilizer leaching solution should be applied to ensure that the plant will not be de-fertilized. After the young fruit enters the expansion period, in order to meet the needs of plant growth and avoid late de-fattening, the method of "diligent pursuit and fierce protection" should be adopted. generally, 40% human feces and urine or 5% sulfur compound fertilizer leaching solution with a concentration of 40% or 5% sulfur compound fertilizer should be applied every 10 days in sunny days.

Third spray: when soil topdressing can not be carried out during fruit growth period, foliar fertilizer should be sprayed for 2 times, sea elf biological stimulant 300 times 500 times liquid, and phosphorus and potassium source pool 500 times liquid, in order to improve the quality of tomato.

Four taboos: first, it is forbidden to branch and beat leaves in the case of wet soil and high temperature at noon; second, avoid over-concentrated fertilization, because centralized fertilization is easy to make plants grow and cause harm; third, do not apply fertilizer in the case of wet soil, otherwise it is easy to drop flowers, leaves and fruits and other physiological diseases. Fourth, it is forbidden to apply fertilizer under the condition of high temperature, otherwise the water evaporation of plant leaves is large, which will affect the exertion of fertilizer effect, so it is appropriate to apply it in the early morning or evening.

Improve soil and prevent repeated cropping

Due to continuous planting, the soil is prone to continuous cropping, which affects the yield. Soil improvement can make the land "live" again, make the crops grow normally and achieve the goal of high yield. The key to soil improvement is to cultivate the number of beneficial bacteria in the soil, help decompose the fertilizer in the soil, speed up the transformation, and help crops absorb better.

It is suggested that the use of sea elves biological stimulant can effectively loosen the soil, improve the soil to reduce acid, increase soil organic matter and stimulate root development.

Skillfully dipping in flowers to improve the quality and yield of tomato

The concentration of dipping flowers: the best temperature is 18: 26 ℃. The concentration of dipping flowers is 1kg / 1.5kg with 2ml of 2ml and 1.3kg / 1.6jin with 2ml / ml of Fangluo.

Flower dipping methods and techniques: tomato flower dipping skills can improve the yield and quality of tomato, so that the fruit size of tomato is uniform, and several fruits of an ear are expanded and changed color at the same time. Adjusting the time when dipping flowers plays a key role in the fruit evenness of tomato.

● when the tomato blossoms, if the first flower of each ear blossoms prematurely, and there are many and enough flowers behind, pick the first flower and the deformed flower, too.

● if two flowers bloom at the same time, no deformities can be left behind, do not immediately dip flowers or spray flowers, after two days, the buds behind such as flowers are slightly opened to dip flowers or spray flowers, so that the buds are stimulated by hormones at the same time, and pollination at the same time makes the fruit size of each ear uniform. If the first two flowers are treated in advance, it will lead to the rapid capture of nutrients, delay the flowering time of the later flowers, make the flowering time larger, resulting in uneven fruit, and even the later flowers will not grow up due to malnutrition.