How to fertilize the main crops in autumn and winter scientifically? With guidance!

How to fertilize the main crops in autumn and winter scientifically? In order to strengthen the guidance of scientific fertilization for major crops in autumn and winter, improve fertilizer use efficiency, reduce fertilizer use costs, and achieve rational fertilizer use and efficient fertilization, the Department of planting Management, together with the National Agricultural Technology Popularization Service Center and the Scientific fertilization expert guidance Group of the Ministry of Agriculture and villages, formulated the "guidance on Scientific fertilization of main crops in Autumn and Winter 2020".

Winter wheat

(1) irrigated winter wheat areas in the North China Plain and Guanzhong Plain

Including all Shandong and Tianjin, south-central Hebei, south-central Beijing, north-central Henan, Shaanxi Guanzhong Plain, southern Shanxi.

1. Principles of fertilization

In view of the fact that excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer is common in winter wheat in this region, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is unbalanced, the amount of base fertilizer is high, the area of one-time fertilization tends to increase, the supply of nitrogen fertilizer is insufficient in the later stage, and the lack of trace elements such as sulfur, zinc and boron occurs from time to time, shallow soil plough layer, poor ability of water and fertilizer conservation and other problems, the following fertilization principles are put forward:

The main results are as follows: (1) according to the results of soil testing formula fertilization, the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer should be reduced appropriately.

(2) according to the different soil fertility and wheat varieties and quality characteristics, especially strong and medium gluten wheat, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and the proportion of topdressing in the middle and later stage should be increased according to the application of nitrogen fertilizer in different times.

(3) efficient application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer according to soil fertility conditions.

(4) crushing and returning straw to the field, increasing the application of organic fertilizer, advocating organic-inorganic cooperation, and improving the ability of soil water and fertilizer conservation.

(5) attach importance to the application of trace elements such as sulfur, zinc, boron, manganese and so on.

(6) the soil with acidification, salinization and consolidation should be improved by scientific fertilization and tillage measures.

(7) the combination of fertilizer application and green cultivation techniques for increasing production and increasing efficiency.

two。 Fertilization suggestion

2.1 Base-topdressing combined fertilization scheme

15-20-10 (N-P2O5-K2O) or similar formula. Fertilization suggestions:

(1) the yield level is less than 400 kg / mu, the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 15-20 kg / mu, and 10-12 kg / mu of urea is applied in combination with irrigation from jointing stage to jointing stage.

(2) the yield level is 400-500 kg / mu, the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 20-25 kg / mu, and 12-15 kg / mu of urea is applied in combination with irrigation from jointing stage to jointing stage.

(3) the yield level is 500-600 kg / mu, the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 30-35 kg / mu, and 15-20 kg / mu of urea is applied in combination with irrigation from initiation stage to jointing stage.

(4) the yield level is more than 600 kg / mu, the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 35-40 kg / mu, and 20 kg / mu of urea is applied in combination with irrigation from initiation stage to jointing stage.

2.2 one-time fertilization scheme

25-12-8 (N-P2O5-K2O) or similar formula. Fertilization suggestions:

(1) the yield level is below 400 kg / mu, and the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 30-35 kg / mu.

(2) the yield level is 400-500 kg / mu, and the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 35-45 kg / mu.

(3) the yield level is 500-600 kg / mu, and the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 45-55 kg / mu.

(4) the yield level is more than 600 kg / mu, and the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 55-65 kg / mu. Formula fertilizer was applied as base fertilizer at one time.

Zinc sulfate or manganese sulfate 1-2 kg / mu can be applied in zinc-deficient or manganese-deficient areas, and borax 0.5-1 kg / mu can be applied in boron-deficient areas. It is advocated that combined with "one spray and three prevention", trace element water-soluble fertilizer should be sprayed at the filling stage of wheat, or foliar spraying with 150-200 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.5-1 kg urea mixed with 50 kg water per mu. If organic fertilizer is applied to the base fertilizer, the amount of chemical fertilizer can be reduced as appropriate.

(2) the rain-fed winter wheat area in North China

Including Jiangsu and Anhui provinces north of the Huaihe River, southeastern Henan.

1. Principles of fertilization

In view of the problems that the soil in this area is mainly Shajiang black soil, the soil fertility is not high, the available phosphorus is relatively low, the deficiency of trace elements such as zinc and boron occurs from time to time, the soil plough layer is shallow, and the ability of water and fertilizer conservation is poor, the following fertilization principles are put forward.

(1) according to the results of soil testing formula fertilization, appropriately reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and increase the amount of phosphate fertilizer.

(2) the straw should be crushed and returned to the field, the application of organic fertilizer should be increased, organic-inorganic coordination should be advocated, and the ability of soil water and fertilizer conservation should be improved.

(3) attach importance to the application of trace elements such as zinc, boron and manganese.

(4) the soil with acidification, salinization and consolidation should be improved by scientific fertilization and tillage measures.

(5) the combination of fertilizer application and green cultivation techniques for increasing production and increasing efficiency.

two。 Fertilization suggestion

2.1 Base-topdressing combined fertilization scheme

18-15-10 (N-P2O5-K2O) or similar formula. Fertilization suggestions:

The main results are as follows: (1) the yield level is less than 350 kg / mu, the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 20-25 kg / mu, and urea is applied 5-7 kg / mu from initiation stage to jointing stage combined with irrigation.

(2) the yield level is 350-450 kg / mu, the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 25-35 kg / mu, and 8-10 kg / mu of urea is applied in combination with irrigation from jointing stage to jointing stage.

(3) the yield level is 450-600 kg / mu, the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 35-45 kg / mu, and 10-15 kg / mu of urea is applied in combination with irrigation from jointing stage to jointing stage.

(4) the yield level is more than 600 kg / mu, the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 45-55 kg / mu, and 15-18 kg / mu of urea is applied in combination with irrigation from jointing stage to jointing stage.

2.2 one-time fertilization scheme

25-12-8 (N-P2O5-K2O) or similar formula. Fertilization suggestions:

(1) the yield level is below 350 kg / mu, and the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 25-30 kg / mu.

(2) the yield level is 350-450 kg / mu, and the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 30-40 kg / mu.

(3) the yield level is 450-600 kg / mu, and the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 40-60 kg / mu.

(4) the yield level is more than 600 kg / mu, and the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 60-70 kg / mu. Formula fertilizer was applied as base fertilizer at one time.

Zinc sulfate or manganese sulfate 1-2 kg / mu can be applied in zinc-deficient or manganese-deficient areas, and borax 0.5-1 kg / mu can be applied in boron-deficient areas. It is advocated that combined with "one spray and three prevention", trace element water-soluble fertilizer should be sprayed at the filling stage of wheat, or foliar spraying with 150-200 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.5-1 kg urea mixed with 50 kg water per mu. If organic fertilizer is applied to the base fertilizer, the amount of chemical fertilizer can be reduced as appropriate.

(3) Winter wheat areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

Including Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Shanghai five provinces (cities), southern Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces south of the Huaihe River.

1. Principles of fertilization

In view of the low amount of organic fertilizer, excessive nitrogen fertilizer and large proportion of early application of winter wheat in the Yangtze River basin, and the lack of trace elements such as sulfur and zinc, the following fertilization principles were put forward.

(1) increase the application of organic fertilizer, return straw to the field, and combine organic and inorganic materials.

(2) properly reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, adjust the proportion of base fertilizer and topdressing, and reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage.

(3) reduce the amount of phosphate fertilizer appropriately in the soil rich in available phosphorus.

(4) according to the variety and quality of wheat, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and the ratio of basal dressing should be properly adjusted, and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and the proportion of topdressing in the later stage should be appropriately increased in strong and medium gluten wheat.

(5) the combination of fertilizer application and green cultivation techniques for increasing production and increasing efficiency.

two。 Fertilization suggestion

2.1 recommended formula for medium and low concentration fertilization scheme

12-10-8 (N-P2O5-K2O) or similar formula. Fertilization suggestions:

The main results are as follows: (1) the yield level is less than 300 kg / mu, the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 23-34 kg / mu, and urea is applied 6-9 kg / mu from initiation stage to jointing stage combined with irrigation.

(2) the yield level is 300-400 kg / mu, the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 34-45 kg / mu, and 9-12 kg / mu of urea is applied in combination with irrigation from jointing stage to jointing stage.

(3) the yield level is 400-550 kg / mu, the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 45-62 kg / mu, and 12-17 kg / mu of urea is applied in combination with irrigation from jointing stage to jointing stage.

(4) the yield level is more than 550 kg / mu, the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 62-74 kg / mu, and 17-20 kg / mu of urea is applied in combination with irrigation from jointing stage to jointing stage.

2.2 recommended formula for high concentration formula fertilization scheme

18-15-12 (N-P2O5-K2O) or similar formula. Fertilization suggestions:

The main results are as follows: (1) the yield level is less than 300 kg / mu, the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 15-23 kg / mu, and urea is 6-9 kg / mu from starting stage to jointing stage combined with irrigation.

(2) the yield level is 300-400 kg / mu, the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 23-30 kg / mu, and 9-12 kg / mu of urea is applied in combination with irrigation from jointing stage to jointing stage.

(3) the yield level is 400-550 kg / mu, the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 30-42 kg / mu, and 12-17 kg / mu of urea is applied in combination with irrigation from initiation stage to jointing stage.

(4) the yield level is more than 550 kg / mu, the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 42-49 kg / mu, and 17-20 kg / mu of urea is applied in combination with irrigation from initiation stage to jointing stage.

About 2 kg / mu of sulfur can be applied in sulfur-deficient areas, and the amount of sulfur can be reduced if other sulfur-containing fertilizers are used. In areas where zinc or manganese is deficient, 1-2 kg / mu of zinc sulfate or manganese sulfate should be applied according to the situation. It is advocated that combined with "one spray and three prevention", trace element water-soluble fertilizer should be sprayed at the filling stage of wheat, or foliar spraying with 150-200 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.5-1 kg urea mixed with 50 kg water per mu.

(4) Rain-fed and dry winter wheat areas in Northwest China

Including central Shanxi, north-central Shaanxi, western Henan, eastern Gansu.

1. Principles of fertilization

In view of the low content of soil organic matter, poor ability of water and fertilizer conservation, less precipitation in growing season, difficult topdressing in spring and insufficient application of organic fertilizer, the following fertilization principles were put forward.

(1) determine the amount of base fertilizer according to soil fertility and soil water storage status, and adhere to the fertilization principle of "suitable nitrogen, stable phosphorus and supplement".

(2) increasing the application of organic fertilizer, advocating the combination of organic and inorganic compounds and returning an appropriate amount of straw to the field, and carrying out rotation of green manure and wheat.

(3) based on one-time basal application of formula fertilizer.

(4) pay attention to the combined application of manganese, zinc and other trace element fertilizers.

(5) Scientific fertilization should be combined with the technology of water storage and soil moisture conservation.

two。 Fertilization suggestion

23-14-8 (N-P2O5-K2O) or similar formula. Fertilization suggestions:

(1) the yield level is less than 250 kg / mu, and the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 14-20 kg / mu.

(2) the yield level is 250-350 kg / mu, and the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 24-30 kg / mu.

(3) the yield level is 350-500 kg / mu, and the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 30-45 kg / mu.

(4) the yield level is more than 500 kg / mu, and the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 45-50 kg / mu. Formula fertilizer was applied as base fertilizer at one time.

2-3 square meters / mu of farm manure was applied. Forbid the fertilizer with high chlorine content to prevent the toxicity to wheat seedlings. In areas where zinc or manganese is deficient, 1-2 kg / mu of zinc sulfate or manganese sulfate should be applied according to the situation. It is advocated that combined with "one spray and three prevention", trace element water-soluble fertilizer should be sprayed at the filling stage of wheat, or foliar spraying with 150-200 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.5-1 kg urea mixed with 50 kg water per mu.

2. Winter rape

(1) Winter rape area in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River

Including four provinces (cities) of Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou and Yunnan, and winter rape areas in western Hubei and southern Shaanxi.

1. Principles of fertilization

The main results are as follows: (1) according to the results of soil testing and formula fertilization, determine the reasonable amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, green and efficient fertilization.

(2) nitrogen fertilizer should be applied step by step, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer base should be reduced properly, bolting fertilizer should be applied well in high-yield fields, and fertilization should be simplified in middle-and low-yield fields.

(3) according to the available boron content in soil, appropriate amount of boron fertilizer (0.7-1.0 kg / mu of borax) should be supplemented, and magnesium-containing fertilizer should be recommended.

(4) increase the application of organic fertilizer, advocate the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer, and increase the intensity of straw returning to the field.

(5) the serious acidified soil is treated with alkaline fertilizer or lime.

(6) Fertilizer application should be combined with other high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques, and attention should be paid to increasing planting density, opening ditches and reducing waterlogging, and controlling weeds.

(7) the resistant varieties should be selected in the production area of root swelling disease.

two。 Fertilization suggestion

(1) recommend 20-11-10 (N-P2O5-K2O, boron containing) or similar formula special fertilizer as base fertilizer. Conditional production areas can recommend 25-7-8 (N-P2O5-K2O, boron containing) or similar formulations of rape special slow (controlled) release formula fertilizer.

(2) the yield level is more than 200 kg / mu: when the previous crop is rice, the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 50 kg / mu, urea 5-8 kg / mu for overwintering seedlings and 5-8 kg / mu for bolting fertilizer. or apply rape special slow (controlled) release formula fertilizer 60 kg / mu at one time. When the previous crop is tobacco or soybean, the amount of fertilizer can be reduced by about 10%.

(3) the yield level is 150-200 kg / mu: when the previous crop is rice, the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 40-50 kg / mu, 5-8 kg / mu of urea for overwintering seedlings and 3-5 kg / mu of urea for bolting fertilizer, or 50 kg / mu of rape special slow-release formula fertilizer. When the previous crop is tobacco or soybean, the amount of fertilizer can be reduced by about 10%.

(4) the yield level is 100-150 kg / mu: when the previous crop is rice, the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 35-40 kg / mu, the overwintering seedling fertilizer is 5-8 kg / mu, or 40 kg / mu of rape special slow-release formula fertilizer is applied at one time. When the previous crop is tobacco or soybean, the amount of fertilizer can be reduced by about 10%.

(5) the yield level is below 100 kg / mu: the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 30-40 kg / mu, or 30 kg / mu of rape special slow-release (controlled) formula fertilizer is applied at one time.

(2) Winter rape areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

Including Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and most of Hubei.

1. Principles of fertilization

The main results are as follows: (1) according to the results of soil testing formula fertilization, determine the reasonable amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, reduce the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer appropriately, and determine the reasonable ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.

(2) Deep application of transplanting rape base fertilizer, ectopic co-sowing of direct seeding rape seed fertilizer, and centralized application of fertilizer.

(3) according to the content of available boron in soil, supplement appropriate amount of boron fertilizer (0.5-0.6 kg / mu of borax).

(4) strengthen the returning of straw to the field and advocate the cooperation of organic and inorganic materials.

(5) the serious acidified soil is treated with alkaline fertilizer or lime.

(6) Fertilizer application should be combined with other high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques, pay attention to increase planting density, control weeds, and appropriately advance sowing date of direct seeding rape.

(7) pay attention to the prevention and control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

two。 Fertilization suggestion

(1) 24-9-7 (N-P2O5-K2O, boron containing) or similar formula special fertilizer is recommended as base fertilizer, while 25-7-8 (N-P2O5-K2O, boron containing) or similar rape special slow (controlled) release formula fertilizer is recommended in conditional production areas.

(2) the yield level is more than 200 kg / mu: 50 kg / mu of formula fertilizer, 5-8 kg / mu of urea for overwintering seedlings, 5-8 kg / mu of urea and 5-6 kg / mu of potassium chloride for bolting fertilizer, or 60 kg / mu of rape special slow-release formula fertilizer.

(3) yield level 150-200 kg / mu: 40-50 kg / mu of formula fertilizer, 5-8 kg / mu of urea for overwintering seedlings, 3-5 kg / mu of urea and 3-5 kg / mu of potassium chloride for bolting fertilizer, or 50 kg / mu of rape special slow (controlled) release formula fertilizer.

(4) yield level 100-150 kg / mu: recommended amount of formula fertilizer 35-40 kg / mu, bolting fertilizer topdressing urea 5-8 kg / mu, or one-time application of rape special slow (controlled) release formula fertilizer 40 kg / mu

(5) the yield level is below 100 kg / mu: 25-30 kg / mu of formula fertilizer, 3-5 kg / mu of urea for bolting fertilizer, or 30 kg / mu of rape special slow-release formula fertilizer at one time.

(3) three-cropping winter rape area

Including Hunan and Jiangxi provinces, northern Guangxi and southern Hubei.

1. Principles of fertilization

The main results are as follows: (1) according to the results of soil testing and formula fertilization, determine the reasonable amount and ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and pay attention to the application of bolting fertilizer.

(2) according to the nutrient status of trace elements in soil, adequate amount of boron fertilizer (borax 0.7kg / mu) and magnesium fertilizer (MgO 1.5kg / mu) should be applied, and sulphur fertilizer should be recommended.

(3) strengthen the returning of straw to the field and advocate the cooperation of organic and inorganic materials.

(4) the serious acidified soil is treated with alkaline fertilizer or lime.

(5) increase the planting density of rape, pay attention to opening the trench, prevent waterlogging and control weeds.

(6) pay attention to prevention and control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

two。 Fertilization suggestion

(1) recommend 18-8-9 (N-P2O5-K2O, boron containing) or similar formula special fertilizer as base fertilizer; conditional production areas can recommend 25-7-8 (N-P2O5-K2O, boron and magnesium) or similar rape special slow (controlled) release formula fertilizer.

(2) the yield level is more than 180 kg / mu: 50 kg / mu of formula fertilizer is recommended, 5-8 kg / mu of urea is applied after bolting fertilizer, or 50 kg / mu of rape special slow (controlled) release formula fertilizer is applied at one time.

(3) yield level 150-180 kg / mu: recommended amount of formula fertilizer 40-45 kg / mu, bolting fertilizer topdressing urea 5-8 kg / mu, or one-time application of rape special slow-release formula fertilizer 40-50 kg / mu

(4) yield level 100-150 kg / mu: recommended amount of formula fertilizer 35-40 kg / mu, bolting fertilizer topdressing urea 3-5 kg / mu, or one-time application of rape special slow (controlled) release formula fertilizer 40 kg / mu

(5) the yield level is below 100 kg / mu: 25-30 kg / mu of formula fertilizer, 3-5 kg / mu of urea for bolting fertilizer, or 30 kg / mu of rape special slow-release formula fertilizer at one time.

(4) Huang-Huai winter rape area

Including Henan, Gansu and Shaanxi Guanzhong winter rape area.

1. Principles of fertilization

The main results are as follows: (1) according to the results of soil testing formula fertilization, determine the reasonable amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, reduce the amount of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer appropriately, and determine the reasonable ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.

(2) Deep application of transplanting rape base fertilizer, ectopic co-sowing of direct seeding rape seed fertilizer, and centralized application of fertilizer.

(3) according to the content of available boron in soil, supplement appropriate amount of boron fertilizer (0.5-0.6 kg / mu of borax).

(4) increase the intensity of straw returning to the field, advocate straw mulching, heat preservation and soil moisture conservation, and promote organic and inorganic cooperation.

(5) Fertilizer application should be combined with other high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques, pay attention to increase planting density, and advocate the application of water-saving and drought-resistant techniques.

two。 Fertilization suggestion

(1) 20-12-8 (N-P2O5-K2O, boron containing) or similar formula is recommended as base fertilizer; 18-8-6 (N-P2O5-K2O, boron containing) or similar rape special slow (controlled) release formula fertilizer is recommended in conditional production areas.

(2) the yield level is more than 200 kg / mu: 50 kg / mu of formula fertilizer, 5-8 kg / mu of urea for overwintering seedlings, 3-5 kg / mu of urea for bolting fertilizer, or 60 kg / mu of rape special slow-release formula fertilizer at one time.

(3) the yield level is 150-200 kg / mu: the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 40-50 kg / mu, the overwintering seedling fertilizer is 5-8 kg / mu, or 50 kg / mu of rape special slow-release formula fertilizer is applied at one time.

(4) the yield level is 100-150 kg / mu: the recommended amount of formula fertilizer is 35-40 kg / mu, the overwintering seedling fertilizer is 5-8 kg / mu, or 40 kg / mu of rape special slow-release formula fertilizer is applied at one time.

(5) the yield level is below 100 kg / mu: 25-30 kg / mu of formula fertilizer is recommended, 3-5 kg / mu of urea is applied to overwintering seedlings, or 30 kg / mu of rape special slow-release formula fertilizer is applied at one time.

3. Fruit trees

(1) Apple

1. Principles of fertilization

In apple production, the input amount of organic fertilizer is insufficient, the site conditions of some orchards are poor, the soil consolidation is serious, the air permeability is poor, the ability of water and fertilizer conservation is weak, and the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer in intensive orchards is on the high side. Soil acidification is common in Jiaodong and Liaodong orchards, lack of trace elements calcium, magnesium and boron occur from time to time, and iron, zinc and boron deficiency is common in calcareous soil areas. In some areas, fruit growers have insufficient understanding of the application of base fertilizer in autumn and the large amount and proportion of nitrogen fertilizer applied in spring and summer. In view of the above problems, the following fertilization principles are put forward:

(1) increase the application of organic fertilizer and advocate the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer.

(2) according to soil fertility conditions and yield level, appropriately reduce the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, apply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer by stages according to tree potential and yield level, and pay attention to the combined application of silicon, calcium, magnesium, boron and zinc.

(3) strengthen soil management in orchard, implement cultivation methods such as growing grass and ridging in orchard, and adopt management techniques such as integration of water and fertilizer, pruning of drooping fruit branches and so on.

(4) the orchards with soil acidification can improve the soil by applying silicon-calcium-magnesium-potassium fertilizer or lime.

two。 Fertilization suggestion

Farm manure (rotten sheep manure, cow manure, etc.) is applied in Bohai Bay area of 2000 kg (about 6 square) / mu, or high quality bio-organic fertilizer 500kg / mu, or cake fertilizer 200kg / mu. Farm manure (rotten sheep manure, cow manure, etc.) is applied in the Loess Plateau, 1500 kg (about 5 square meters) / mu, or high quality bio-organic fertilizer 400kg / mu, or cake fertilizer 150kg / mu.

(1) for orchards with a yield of more than 4500 kg per mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-25 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 7.5-12.5 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 15-25 kg / mu

(2) Orchard with yield of 3500-4500 kg per mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10-20 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 5-10 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 10-20 kg / mu

(3) for orchards with a yield of less than 3500 kg per mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10-15 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 5-10 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 10-15 kg / mu.

It is suggested that big trees should apply 80-100 kg / mu of silicon, calcium, magnesium and potassium fertilizer at full fruiting stage. In orchards deficient in zinc, boron and calcium in soil, zinc sulfate 1-1.5 kg / mu, borax 0.5-1.0 kg / mu and ammonium calcium nitrate 20 kg / mu were applied correspondingly. After mixing with organic fertilizer, it was applied from mid-September to mid-October (early application before and after fruit harvest of late-maturing varieties). The method of fertilization is hole or furrow application, hole or furrow depth is about 40 cm, 3-4 per tree.

Chemical fertilizer was applied 3-4 times (late-maturing varieties 4 times), the first time from mid-September to mid-October (before and after fruit harvest of late-maturing varieties), combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on the basis of organic fertilizer and silicon-calcium-magnesium-potassium fertilizer. Bohai Bay production area suggests to use high nitrogen, high phosphorus and medium potassium compound fertilizer, the dosage is 50-75 kg / mu. The balanced type such as 15-15-15 (or similar formula) is recommended in the Loess Plateau, with a dosage of 40-50 kg / mu; the second time will be carried out in the middle of April next year, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus, with proper supplement of calcium fertilizer. It is recommended to apply calcium ammonium nitrate (or 25-5-15 nitro compound fertilizer), 30-60 kg / mu in Bohai Bay and 20-40 kg / mu in Loess Plateau. The third time before and after fruit bagging in early June of the next year, according to the situation of fruit retention, combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to increase the proportion of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, it is suggested to apply a high phosphorus formula or balanced compound fertilizer. 30-60 kg / mu in Bohai Bay and 20-40 kg / mu in Loess Plateau For the fourth time, from late July to mid-August, a small number of methods were adopted according to rainfall, tree potential and yield, and the main type of fertilization was high potassium formula (10-5-30 or similar formula). Fertilizer application rate is 25-30 kg / mu in Bohai Bay and 15-25 kg / mu in Loess Plateau.

From the end of October to the middle of November, urea, borax and zinc sulfate were sprayed continuously for 3 times to increase storage nutrition. The first time started spraying 0.5% Mel 1.0% urea at the end of October. Seven days later, the second spray was 2.0% Mel 3.0% urea + 0.5% borax + 1.0% Moe 2.0% zinc sulfate. After 7 days, the third spray was 5.0% comp 7.0% urea + 0.5% borax + 5.0% comp 6.0% zinc sulfate. The concentration of the third time was determined according to the aging degree of the leaves. The higher the concentration, the lower the aging degree.

(2) Citrus

1. Principles of fertilization

In view of the neglect of the application of organic fertilizer and soil improvement in citrus production, the area of barren orchard is large, the ability of soil water and fertilizer conservation is weak, the amount of fertilizer used by farmers is quite different, and the amount and ratio of fertilizer, the period and method of fertilization and so on are unreasonable. The soil acidification in the citrus belt of southern Jiangxi-southern Hunan-northern Guangxi and Zhejiang-Fujian-Guangdong citrus belt is serious, and the trace elements calcium, magnesium and boron are generally deficient. Some soils in the citrus belt of the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River are alkaline, and zinc, iron, boron and magnesium deficiency occur from time to time. The following fertilization principles are put forward:

(1) increase the application of organic fertilizers and adhere to the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers.

(2) strengthen orchard soil management, advocate planting green manure between rows of citrus orchards and implement orchard grass mulching; orchards with serious soil acidification should apply appropriate amount of alkaline conditioners for soil improvement.

(3) according to the citrus yield level and orchard soil fertility, optimize the amount, ratio and fertilization period of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, appropriately reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer, and adopt the fertilization strategy of "due to deficiency" for trace elements. Pay attention to supplement magnesium, calcium, boron, zinc and other trace elements in acid soil.

(4) the method of fertilization should be changed from scattered application in the whole garden to concentrated hole application or furrow application, and deep application of organic fertilizer.

(5) Fertilizer and water management should be combined with green high-quality cultivation techniques, and conditional orchards should advocate the integration of water and fertilizer.

two。 Fertilization suggestion

(1) apply farm manure 2-4 square meters / mu, or commercial organic fertilizer (including bio-organic fertilizer) 300-500 kg / mu, and apply more in orchards with weak trees or low fertility. All organic fertilizers are used as base fertilizers, preferably in autumn, with deep application by ditching or burrowing.

(2) for orchards with a yield of less than 1500 kg per mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 8-13 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4-6 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 7-11 kg / mu. For orchards with yield of 1500-3000 kg per mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 13-18 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 5-7 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 11-15 kg / mu; orchards with yield over 3000 kg per mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 18-23 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 7-9 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 15-19 kg / mu

(3) Chemical fertilizer is applied 3-4 times, the first is autumn base fertilizer, from September to November (late-maturing varieties are best applied in September, and other varieties are applied before and after fruit harvest) 20%, 40%, 50%, 20%, 30%, 30%, 30%, 40%, 40%, 40%, 40%, 40%, 40%, 40%, 40%, 40%, 40%, 40%, 30%, 30%, 30%, 30%, 30%, 30%, 30%, 30%, 30%, 30%, 30%, 30%, 30%, 30%, 30%, 30%, 30% and 30% respectively. In May, according to the situation of fruit hanging, stable fruit fertilizer should be applied as appropriate; the third time is summer fertilization. During the fruit expansion period from June to August, 30% of the nitrogen fertilizer, 20% of the 30% phosphate fertilizer, and 40% of the 50% potash fertilizer should be applied.

(4) targeted application of medium and trace element fertilizers. In the citrus orchard lacking calcium and magnesium, 25-50kg / mu calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer was mixed with organic fertilizer in autumn, while in the southern acid soil orchard with serious deficiency of calcium and magnesium, 20 kg calcium nitrate and 10 kg magnesium sulfate were applied from May to July. For citrus orchards deficient in boron and zinc, 1-1.5 kg zinc sulfate and 0.5-1.0 kg borax per mu were applied before sprouting in spring.

(3) Pear

1. Principles of fertilization

In view of the low application of organic fertilizer, low content of soil organic matter, large amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, low utilization rate, low input of medium and trace elements, unreasonable fertilization period, fertilization method and fertilizer ratio in pear production, and the lack of trace elements such as calcium, iron, zinc and boron in pear orchard soil, especially the lack of phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in pear orchard soil, and serious soil acidification, the following fertilization principles were put forward.

(1) increase the application of organic fertilizer, plant green manure, cover straw and fertilize the soil, and improve the orchard with serious soil acidification by applying lime and organic fertilizer.

(2) according to the soil fertility conditions, yield level and pear tree growth status of pear orchard, determine the application period, amount and nutrient distribution ratio of fertilizer, appropriately reduce the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, apply appropriate amount of potassium fertilizer, and supplement calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, boron and other trace elements through various ways.

(3) optimize the way of fertilization, change the application to strip application or hole application, reasonably cooperate with irrigation and fertilization, and adjust fertilizer with water.

two。 Fertilization suggestion

The main results are as follows: (1) the amount of organic fertilizer and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is determined according to the yield level. For orchards with a yield of more than 4000 kg per mu, organic fertilizer 3-4 square meters / mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20-25 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-12 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 15-25 kg / mu. The orchard with a yield of 2000-4000 kg per mu, organic fertilizer 2-3 square per mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-20 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-12 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 15-20 kg / mu. For orchards with a yield of less than 2000 kg per mu, organic fertilizer 2-3 square per mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10-15 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-12 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 10-15 kg / mu

(2) for orchards lacking calcium and magnesium in soil, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer should be selected, or appropriate amount of calcium and magnesium fertilizer should be applied; orchards deficient in iron, zinc and boron can be corrected by foliar spraying 0.5% ferrous sulfate, 0.3% zinc sulfate and 0.2% 0.5% borax solution. According to the application amount of organic fertilizer, increase or decrease the amount of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer as appropriate.

(3) all organic fertilizer, 50% Mel 60% nitrogen fertilizer, more than 70% (or all) phosphate fertilizer and 40% potash fertilizer as base fertilizer shall be applied after pear harvest. The remaining nitrogen fertilizer (40% Mel 50%), phosphate fertilizer (less than 30%) and potash fertilizer (60%) are applied during the sprouting period in March and the fruit expansion period from June to July respectively, and the times and amount of topdressing can be increased or decreased appropriately according to the strength of pear trees.

(4) Peach

1. Principles of fertilization

In view of the great difference in the amount of fertilizer applied in peach orchards, the unreasonable amount of fertilizer, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, the period and methods of fertilization, and neglecting the coordination of fertilization and irrigation, the following fertilization principles were put forward.

(1) reasonably increase the application amount of organic fertilizer and advocate the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers; reasonably regulate the application amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer according to soil fertility, variety characteristics and yield level, and the fertilizer requirement of early-maturing varieties is generally 15% less than that of late-maturing varieties; pay attention to the combined application of trace elements such as calcium, iron, magnesium, boron, zinc or copper

(2) the reasonable distribution of fertilizer is suitable for autumn base fertilizer about one month after peach fruit picking, and the key period of topdressing is before and after the peach fruit expansion period.

(3) combined with green cultivation techniques for increasing production and increasing efficiency, nitrogen fertilizer and a large amount of irrigation should not be applied 3 weeks before picking, so as not to affect the quality of peach orchards with poor drainage in summer. Plastic film mulching and hole fertilizer and water storage techniques are recommended in arid areas.

two。 Fertilization suggestion

The main results are as follows: (1) the amount of organic fertilizer and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is determined according to the yield level. The yield level is more than 3000 kg / mu, organic fertilizer 2-3 square meters / mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 18-20 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-10 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 20-22 kg / mu. The yield level is 2000-3000 kg / mu, organic fertilizer 1-2 square meters / mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-18 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 7-9 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 18-20 kg / mu. Yield level 1500-2000 kg / mu, organic fertilizer 1-2 square meters / mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 12-15 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 5-8 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 15-18 kg / mu

(2) for orchards with early defoliation or high yield in the previous year, extra-root topdressing should be strengthened. Urea solution of 1% Mel 3% can be sprayed 2-3 times before sprouting, and regularly sprayed in the form of 2 times urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate before mid-July, and the concentration of potassium dihydrogen phosphate is 0.3% Rue 0.5%. The management strategy of "due to deficiency" and corrective application of medium and trace elements is recommended. When the deficiency of medium and trace elements occurs, it should be corrected by foliar spraying.

(3) if a large amount of organic fertilizer is applied, the amount of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer applied in autumn can be reduced by 1-2 kg / mu, and the amount of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer applied during fruit expansion can be reduced by 2-3 kg / mu.

(4) all organic fertilizer, 30% Mel 40% nitrogen fertilizer, 40% Mel 50% phosphate fertilizer and 20% Mel 30% potash fertilizer were used as base fertilizer and applied by trenching method in autumn after peach picking. The remaining nitrogen fertilizer (60% color 70%), phosphate fertilizer (50% color 60%) and potash fertilizer (70% color 80%) were applied separately in the sprouting stage, hard kernel stage and fruit expansion stage of peach trees in spring (1-2 times for early-maturing varieties and 2-4 times for mid-late-maturing varieties). The amount of fertilizer in autumn and winter should be appropriately increased in peach orchards with serious freezing injury and reduced yield in spring.

(5) Banana

1. Principles of fertilization

In view of the general neglect of organic fertilizer application and soil fertilization in banana production, the lack of trace elements such as calcium, magnesium and boron, the phenomenon of insufficient and excessive fertilization, and the late application of potassium fertilizer, the following fertilization principles were put forward.

The main results are as follows: (1) the combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should distribute fertilizer reasonably according to the growth period, increase the amount of fertilizer after flower bud differentiation, pay attention to the application of potassium fertilizer, increase calcium and magnesium fertilizer and supplement the lack of trace elements.

(2) fertilization combined with irrigation, and the technology of integrating water and fertilizer should be adopted in places where conditions permit.

(3) adding lime to adjust soil pH, supplement soil calcium nutrition and kill harmful bacteria during soil preparation.

two。 Fertilization suggestion

(1) for banana plantations with a yield of more than 5000 kg per mu, the amount of rotten livestock and poultry manure shall not exceed 1000 kg / mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 45-50 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 15-20 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 70-80 kg / mu.

(2) for banana plantations with a yield of 3000-5000 kg per mu, the amount of rotten livestock and poultry manure shall not exceed 1000 kg / mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 30-45 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-12 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 50-60 kg / mu.

(3) Banana orchards with a yield of less than 3000 kg per mu: the amount of mature livestock and poultry manure does not exceed 1000 kg / mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 18-25 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6-8 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 30-45 kg / mu.

According to soil acidity, 40-80 kg / mu of lime and 25-30 kg / mu of magnesium sulfate were applied before planting, mixed with organic fertilizer, and 0.3-0.5 kg / mu of borax and 0.8-1.0 kg / mu of zinc heptahydrate were applied in orchards lacking boron and zinc.

About 20% nitrogen fertilizer, 50% phosphate fertilizer and 20% potash fertilizer were applied before flower bud differentiation, and about 45% nitrogen fertilizer, 30% phosphate fertilizer and 50% potash fertilizer were applied before flower bud differentiation period. 35% nitrogen fertilizer, 20% phosphate fertilizer and 30% potash fertilizer were applied after budding. Water soluble fertilizer or solid fertilizer can be applied in the early stage, and ditch or hole application should be applied from the flower bud differentiation stage, with a total of 7-10 times of fertilization.

(6) Northern grapes

1. Principles of fertilization

In view of the low content of organic matter in vineyard soil, general lack of magnesium, iron, zinc and calcium, high amount of fertilizer application, unreasonable fertilizer ratio and poor pertinence of foliar fertilizer application, the following fertilization principles were put forward.

(1) attach importance to the application of organic fertilizer, reasonably regulate the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer according to soil fertility, variety characteristics and yield level, and allocate the proportion of base topdressing according to the characteristics of nutrient demand during the growth period. adjust the fertilization plan according to grape variety, growth, climate and other factors

(2) Orchard with strong soil acidification and proper application of lime, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer.

(3) targeted application of medium and trace element fertilizers to prevent physiological diseases.

(4) the combination of fertilization and cultivation management measures. The grape orchard with the integration of water and fertilizer follows the principle of irrigation and fertilization for a few times.

two。 Fertilization suggestion

(1) for orchards with a yield of more than 2000 kg per mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 35-40 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 20-25 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 20-25 kg / mu

(2) Orchard with yield of 1500-2000 kg per mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 25-35 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 10-15 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 15-20 kg / mu

(3) for orchards with a yield of less than 1500 kg per mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20-25 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 10-15 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 10-15 kg / mu.

In orchards deficient in boron, zinc, magnesium and calcium, zinc sulfate 1-1.5 kg / mu, borax 1-2 kg / mu, potassium magnesium sulfate fertilizer 5-10 kg / mu and calcium superphosphate about 50 kg / mu were applied in orchards deficient in boron, zinc, magnesium and calcium. Mixed with organic fertilizer, it was applied from mid-September to mid-October (early application after fruit harvest of late-maturing varieties). The method of fertilization is hole application or furrow application, the depth of hole or furrow is about 40 cm.

Organic fertilizer is suitable to be used as base fertilizer (autumn fertilizer, winter fertilizer). Fully mature livestock and poultry manure or compost should be selected, and semi-rotten organic fertilizer or even raw manure is strictly prohibited. The dosage is 15-20 kg per plant. The method of fertilization can be applied in ditch or strip with a depth of about 40 cm. Trace element fertilizer should be mixed with mature organic fertilizer and applied together.

Chemical fertilizer is generally applied in four times, the first time from mid-September to mid-October (early after fruit harvest of late-maturing varieties), 20% nitrogen fertilizer, 20% phosphate fertilizer and 10% potash fertilizer are applied on the basis of organic fertilizer and boron-zinc-calcium-magnesium fertilizer. The second time was carried out in mid-April next year (after the grapes were unearthed and put on the shelf), mainly nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer, applying 30% nitrogen fertilizer, 20% phosphate fertilizer and 10% potash fertilizer. The third time before and after fruit bagging in early June of the next year, according to the situation of fruit retention, appropriately increase or decrease the amount of fertilizer, generally apply 40% nitrogen fertilizer, 40% phosphate fertilizer, 20% potash fertilizer; the fourth time from late July to mid-August, apply 10% nitrogen fertilizer, 20% phosphate fertilizer, 60% potash fertilizer, according to rainfall, tree potential and fruit setting, appropriately adjust the amount of fertilizer, the general principle is to give priority to potash fertilizer, with a small amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer. In Rain Water season, fertilizer can be divided into several shallow trenches (10-15 cm) to apply.

Before flowering to early flowering stage, 0.3% Mel 0.5% borax solution was sprayed; after fruit setting to ripe, 0.3% Rue 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution was sprayed 3-4 times; from the young fruit expansion stage to before changing color, 0.3% Mel 0.5% calcium nitrate or calcium amino acid fertilizer was sprayed.

In fields with integrated water and fertilizer technology, before budding, balanced water soluble fertilizer (N ∶ P2O5 ∶ K2O=1 ∶ 1 ∶ 1) was topdressing 8-10 kg / mu, once every 10 days, a total of 3 times; topdressing at flowering stage, mainly nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer (N ∶ P2O5 ∶ K2O=2 ∶ 1 ∶ 1), 5-7 kg / mu, supplemented by foliar spraying of boron, calcium and magnesium fertilizer During the fruit expansion period, 25-30 kg / mu of N and K fertilizer (N ∶ P2O5 ∶ K2O=3 ∶ 2 ∶ 4) were topdressing every 10 days for a total of 9-12 times, and 5-6 kg / mu of high potassium water soluble fertilizer (N ∶ P2O5 ∶ K2O=1 ∶ 1 ∶ 3) was applied every 7 days. The input amount of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 28-35 kg / mu of nitrogen fertilizer, 18-22 kg / mu of phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) and 25-30 kg / mu of potassium fertilizer (K2O).

(7) strawberries in facilities

1. Principles of fertilization

In view of the short growth period, large fertilizer requirement, low salt tolerance and serious diseases and insect pests of strawberry, the following fertilization principles were put forward.

(1) attach importance to the application of organic fertilizer and apply high-quality organic fertilizer to reduce soil diseases and insect pests.

(2) apply fertilizer according to the growth period, mix nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer reasonably, and adjust the fertilization plan according to strawberry variety, growth and other factors.

(3) adopt suitable fertilization methods and apply medium and trace element fertilizers pertinently.

(4) when fertilization is combined with other management measures, the technology of integration of water and fertilizer can be adopted if possible, and the principle of irrigation and fertilization for a small number of times can be followed.

two。 Fertilization suggestion

(1) yield per mu is more than 2000 kg, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 18-20 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 10-12 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 15-20 kg / mu

(2) yield per mu is 1500-2000 kg, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-18 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-10 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 12-15 kg / mu

(3) the yield per mu is less than 1500 kg, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 13-16 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 5-8 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 10-12 kg / mu.

Under the conventional fertilization mode, chemical fertilizer was applied for 3-4 times. The base fertilizer accounted for 20% of the total fertilizer application, and topdressing was applied at the seedling stage, early flowering stage and fruit harvest stage, and the fertilization proportion accounted for 20%, 30% and 30% of the total fertilizer application, respectively.

In the field using the integrated technology of water and fertilizer, on the basis of basal application of 3-5 square meters of high-quality mature organic fertilizer per mu, the first topdressing at bud stage was dominated by phosphorus, topdressing with water-soluble fertilizer (N ∶ P2O5 ∶ K2O=1 ∶ 5 ∶ 1), 2-3 kg / mu every 10 days, and the second topdressing after flowering (N ∶ P2O5 ∶ K2O=1 ∶ 5 ∶ 1), 2-3 kg / mu every 10 days. During the fruit expansion period, the third topdressing was applied mainly with potassium (N ∶ P2O5 ∶ K2O=2 ∶ 1 ∶ 6), and 2-3 kg / mu was applied with water every 10 days. Before each fertilization, clean water was irrigated for 20 minutes, then fertilized, and then irrigated with clean water for 30 minutes to flush the pipe.

For orchards lacking zinc, boron and calcium in soil, 0.5-1 kg / mu of zinc sulfate, 0.5-1 kg / mu of borax and 0.3% calcium chloride were sprayed on the leaves for 2-3 times.

IV. Vegetables

(1) Cabbage in the open field

1. Principles of fertilization

In view of the great difference of organic fertilizer application rate, serious partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, insufficient application of potassium fertilizer and trace elements, unreasonable application period and method, excessive irrigation and so on, the following fertilization principles were put forward.

(1) rational application of organic fertilizer and combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers, following the principles of controlling nitrogen, stabilizing phosphorus and increasing potassium.

(2) the combination of base fertilizer and topdressing, and topdressing is mainly nitrogen and potassium fertilizer.

(3) pay attention to properly spraying trace elements such as calcium and boron from rosette stage to late heading stage to prevent the occurrence of physiological diseases such as "dry heartburn".

(4) appropriate amount of lime should be applied to regulate soil when soil acidification is serious.

(5) combined with high-yield cultivation techniques, especially water-saving irrigation techniques, the integrated technology of water and fertilizer is recommended.

two。 Fertilization suggestion

(1) applying high quality farm manure 3-4 square meters per mu.

(2) the yield level is more than 5500 kg / mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 12-14 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 5-8 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 12-14 kg / mu

(3) yield level 4500-5500 kg / mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10-12 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4-5 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 10-12 kg / mu

(4) the yield level is less than 4500 kg / mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 8-10 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3-4 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 8-10 kg / mu.

For the plots with serious "dry heartburn" in previous years, pay attention to controlling nitrogen and supplying calcium. 0.3% 0.5% calcium chloride solution or calcium nitrate solution can be sprayed on the leaves from rosette stage to late heading stage for 2-3 times; vegetable garden soil pH in the south