The most complete knowledge of pig farm construction, everything you want to know is here?

Many people who have not been exposed to the breeding industry think that raising pigs is very simple. In fact, raising pigs is not as simple as imagined. In addition to requiring a large amount of capital investment, scientific technology is also needed. Even the construction of pig farms requires reasonable arrangements, otherwise it will cause serious losses.

When building a new pig farm, we should fully consider the problems of pig farm construction, climate change, pig farm site selection, feed formula and legal and regulatory direction when designing, so as to reduce variables as much as possible during construction. In the early stages of planning and designing a new large pig farm, all aspects of construction planning need to be considered!

Factors contributing to successful pig farm construction:

Among many factors, proper construction and climate systems are crucial. Most pig farms have made great progress in planning and design in recent decades, but we are surprised to find that even in some new farms, there are many aspects that are not satisfactory. Although this can be attributed to insufficient budget, the compromise in construction may have some adverse consequences for breeding production.

Climate conditions in Asia vary greatly

Asia has a variable climate and experiences a variety of natural conditions. Cold and dry winters in the north, hot and humid summers in the south, severe storms and typhoons in some areas, all affect the choice of piggery construction and climate system.

New farms are getting bigger and bigger, and qualified employees are harder to find; even breeds with high performance genes may be sensitive to extreme weather conditions; feed intake, fertility, feed conversion rate, and heat stress are all affected during hot seasons, and optimal pig house construction and climate systems can mitigate these production variables. A well-insulated pigsty and a well-managed ventilation system help save heat and improve the air quality in the pigsty.

Poor insulation or air leakage

If the pigsty is poorly insulated or leaky, it can maintain a stable temperature in the case of **, but it is often the case that the air circulation is poor, the harmful gases increase, and the humidity increases, which increases the risk of respiratory diseases. In general, the cooling system in a poor or leaky pigsty does not work well.

It is important to know that the various stages of pig growth have strict temperature requirements, and the difference between temperature and temperature is quite small. This is the so-called thermal neutral range, in which pigs can show the best production performance, and this is also our goal.

When designing farms, it is necessary to conduct detailed analysis and summary of the climatic conditions of the farm location, and use this information to design farm planning and indoor layout.

As we all know, a proportion of production costs is feed costs. Effective feeding strategies should be constantly sought, ways to improve utilization or reduce waste, improved formulas or feeding techniques to save feed costs, and even small increases can lead to significant profit improvements.

New technologies and automation also become important in equipping new farms with traceability equipment. Information technology helps to collect accurate data quickly and help operators make effective business decisions. Therefore, the qualification requirements for employees are increasing and the demand is increasing.

Regulations on pollution, emissions and odors

The rapid development of livestock industry will inevitably promote the corresponding legislation, including pollution, emissions, odors, resources and animal welfare. These elements of legislation are likely to be implemented soon, so these factors should be taken into account when designing farms.

There are unreasonable and unscientific places in pig farm construction:

The location of the pig farm is unreasonable.

1, pig farm traffic inconvenience

The pig farm is too remote, the information is blocked, the employees have no transportation on vacation, which increases the difficulty of management, and the procurement cost of materials (vaccines, feeds and medicines) is high. It is recommended that pig farms be remote when building pig farms, but traffic must be smooth and equipped with necessary transportation.

2. Too close to residential areas

Pig farms are too close to traffic arteries or residential areas, less than 500m, causing epidemic prevention threats. Pig farms should be located at least 2km away from traffic arteries or residential areas.

3. The slope is too large

increases the labor intensity of the breeding personnel, and is easy to cause trotters to be damaged when the pigs are transferred.

4. Insufficient area

The breeding density is too high, and the risk of disease is huge. The production area of a general pig farm is planned to be 40~50m2 for each breeding sow, and the construction area is planned to be 16~20m2 for each breeding sow.

5. Water quality

Many pig farms drink surface water. Because of the influence of residents 'life and factories and mines, the water quality cannot be guaranteed. The drinking water quality of pigs should be implemented according to the drinking water quality standards of human beings.

6. Insufficient power supply

Some farms are located in remote rural areas, voltage and current are insufficient, or the power plan for pig farms is insufficient, affecting production. Generally, according to the plan of 100~150W/sow, if you process feed yourself, you should also consider the power of feed processing equipment.

2. The pig farm planning and design is unreasonable.

1. The arrangement and layout of each functional area are unreasonable.

Office area, living area, production area and sewage area shall be arranged in turn according to wind direction and terrain. Many small pig farms are very random in the layout of each functional area, resulting in increased production management and epidemic prevention risks.

2, production process design concept backward

There is no production process design according to "all-out and all-in" and "small unit". It is still a one-stop process flow. Pigs at several stages are raised in a pigsty. Pigs are kept in the pigsty all the year round, so they cannot be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected, which increases the difficulty of prevention and control.

3. Failure to implement "rain and sewage separation"

In summer, autumn and rainy season, a large amount of rainwater flows into the sewage tank, causing sewage treatment difficult.

4. The spacing is too small

In order to pursue the breeding capacity per unit area, the piggery spacing is only 3~5m, which is much less than the requirement of 8m, which creates conditions for the epidemic of diseases.

5. Improper harmless treatment

Most pig farms do not consider the harmless treatment of dead pigs. When pigs die, they find a place to bury them, which takes time and effort and pollutes groundwater. Pig farms should build a mortuary or crematorium to avoid environmental pollution.

6. The construction of sick pig isolation house is too simple

This resulted in the isolation of sick pigs into pig culling houses. The isolation house for sick pigs shall fully consider the conditions of heat preservation, ventilation, drinking water, density and humidity to create a good rehabilitation environment for sick pigs.

7. The construction of pigsty did not consider the local climatic conditions

Such as snow in winter, the temperature below zero in the area, but also to build a fully open pigsty, how to do a good job of heat preservation. When building pigsty, the local temperature in summer and winter must be taken as an important basis for pigsty construction mode.

8, sewage tank construction is unreasonable

Some pig farms have sewage tanks built with small capacity or serious leakage, polluting groundwater sources or farmland.

Third, the pig farm hardware facilities are unreasonable

1. The slope of the enclosure ground is unreasonable

Slope is too large, pigs stand unstable, easy to fall down, damage limbs and hooves; slope is too small, easy to accumulate urine water on the ground, poor sanitation of the pen. Generally, the slope of the ground of the enclosure is 2%~5%.

2. The floor of the enclosure is too smooth or rough

The pen is too smooth, pigs stand unstable, easy to fall, damage limbs and hooves; too rough, the ground is not clean, poor hygiene, pigs are easy to get sick.

3. The chute construction is unreasonable

The construction requirements of the trough are "" or "" type, with the upper opening width of 40cm, the bottom width of 20cm and the depth of 10cm. Some pig farms have right angles in the trough, because the feed is at right angles, pigs can not eat, they will stand in the trough along the direction of the trough to feed, so that the feed in the trough is polluted, and the sanitation of the trough is also very poor.

4, insulation facilities are not perfect

Some simple pig farms do not have heat preservation facilities. The heat preservation work of piglets during lactation and nursery period is the most important. Incubators should be set up in piglet rest areas, electric heating plates should be laid, light bulbs should be hung, and nursing pigs should have heat preservation facilities.

5. The cooling facilities are not perfect

Some pig farms that will experience high temperature season have no cooling facilities. Wet curtain, neck dripping, ceiling fan, spray, exhaust fan and other methods can be adopted for cooling. The investment for neck dripping cooling is small, and the wet curtain seems to be invested heavily, but it is economical for a long time. The effect is obvious.

6. The drinking water pipe has not taken temperature insulation measures.

Summer high temperature exposure, water temperature can reach more than 50℃, pigs only because of high water temperature and reduce water consumption, winter temperature is cold, water pipes freeze, water can not flow out, will affect pig drinking. The drinking water pipe can be wrapped with a layer of insulation material or the water pipe can pass through the house to avoid the influence of extreme temperature.

IV. blindly pursuing scale and lacking overall consideration

(1) Pig farm construction should focus on economic benefits, pay equal attention to economic benefits and social benefits, not for decoration and appearance, follow practical principles, and invest limited funds where they are most needed.

(2) To comply with biosafety regulations, conducive to disease prevention. It is necessary to prevent the spread of diseases from pigs and pigs, and more importantly, to prevent the spread of diseases in pigs.

(3) You can't just pursue scale, not the bigger the scale, the stronger the profitability. The same level of management, the larger the scale, the greater the difficulty of management, the higher the incidence.

(4) It should be conducive to management and production.

5. The pigsty is too large

In general, the more pigs in a pig house, the higher the incidence. No more than 500 pigs are recommended unless the environment of the pigsty, especially the air, is well controlled.

The current trend is for pigs to grow larger, so the time spent in fattening houses may be extended by 3-4 weeks. Therefore, the number of fattening houses may need to be increased, and the floor space for fattening pigs above 100 kg should be increased accordingly.

VI. Quality of pigsty construction

Some pig farms are very luxurious, with glazed tiles, aluminum alloy doors and windows, etc., but most pig farms are relatively shabby, can save the province, the result is frequent maintenance, construction maintenance costs are higher. Pigsty should be suitable for raising pigs, and the problems of heat preservation, ventilation and cooling should be considered. The main purpose is to make pigs at various stages feel comfortable.

(1) Poor hardware of the positioning column, resulting in damage and reduced productivity: breeding houses and pregnancy houses are mainly cooled and ventilated. The breeding house should have insulation layer on the top, insulation layer on the wall, and install wet curtain at one end. The thickness of water curtain is generally more than 12 cm, and the fan is installed at the other end. The area of wet curtain and the capacity of fan need to be calculated according to the area of pigsty. In addition, the ability to cool down is related to the airtightness of the pigsty, and it is not easy to cool down the pigsty with air leakage everywhere. The positioning bar should be wide enough to facilitate the leakage of feces and urine and keep the hindquarters clean. In reality, many sows lie down in sewage, causing serious discomfort. The welding of the positioning column must be careful and should not leave too many sharp corners to prevent damage to the limbs and hooves.

Drinking water is too high to cause drinking water to spray on the ground, if the position is lower than the middle, it will affect the sow feeding, so it is recommended not to install drinking water, but put water in the trough. To ensure adequate drinking water.

(2) the field area of the boar house is too small, which is not conducive to boar sports: boars need sports, so it is recommended that each boar should have an area of at least 10 square meters. The heat preservation and ventilation are the same as the sow house. Sperm collection column to install the escape area of personnel, that is, the establishment of a fence, only allow personnel to evacuate quickly, and boars can not get through to prevent boars from attacking people. Artificial insemination laboratory should be conducive to cleaning, otherwise it can cause semen contamination and affect breeding.

(3) the delivery room is too wet and easy to damage piglets. The birth bed is elevated to reduce the temperature of the pigsty, and high humidity is one of the causes of piglet diarrhea. In addition, the burr and sharp corners of the birth bed are more likely to damage piglets, especially when suckling, the skin of piglets' forefinger joints is often damaged, which is easy to be infected with bacteria. So use smooth, no burr leakage board, or ordinary leakage board installed with a steel brush to fully polish, remove burr, so that it can not cause damage to piglets.

(4) the heat preservation of nursery is not ideal. In the cold season, nursery heat preservation is the key point, there are many ways of heat preservation, mainly hot air stove and floor heating, but also indoor stove, of which the most ideal is floor heating. However, if the boiler is too small to heat the floor, especially at night, the boiler may not be burned in time, resulting in an increase in temperature difference during the day and a greater stress response to piglets.

Matters needing attention in pig farm construction:

When designing a pigsty, the following principles should be considered in advance, which need to be guaranteed by the production system and fences:

1. "zero" mixed group principle

No mixing of different sources is allowed, which requires consideration of the preparation of the isolation house.

two。 The principle of optimal column storage

Always maintain the use of the fence, which requires the determination of a balanced production system.

3. The principle of grouping pigs of the same age

Pigs at different stages can not be together, which is the basis of the whole system.

4. Nursery house

The construction content that needs to be invested most. For health needs, sealing and insulation details need to be taken into account. The high standard must be full-exit all-in design, fully closed and fully leaky viaduct structure.

5. Pregnancy and breeding shed

There is no need for all-out and all-in, but the requirement is a limit bar structure, which is easy to feed and manage according to the physical condition. Boars and sows to be matched are kept in a mixed compartment. Need to provide a larger breeding column and pay attention to the ground can not be designed smooth.

6. Delivery Room

It is related to the healthy survival rate after birth, which requires full exit, full entry, production shelf and fully closed form. Need to have an insulated zenith to facilitate heat preservation and comprehensive washing and disinfection.

7. Medium and large pig (growing, fattening or finishing pig) house

The emphasis is only on ensuring the area of the hurdles and the sturdiness of the brick walls, while others are as simple as possible.

What is the most taboo in pig farm construction?

Do not choose the site improperly

Pig farms are built in some places, and pig farms are built close to the road for the convenience of visiting and learning. There are two main disadvantages: first, because the highway day and night flow of people, traffic, logistics is too frequent, pig farms are prone to infectious diseases; second, the noise is too loud, pigs can not be peaceful all day, which is disadvantageous to pig growth. The choice of pig farm site should be 100m away from the road, away from villages and livestock products processing plants, less pedestrians, downwind of housing, high dry terrain, shelter from the wind and sun, solid soil quality, strong water permeability, not contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms, clean water source and convenient water collection.

The bogey pig house is not well equipped.

The needs of pig herd production should be taken into account when arranging pig houses. The boar house should be built in the upwind area of the pig farm, not only adjacent to the sow house, but also to maintain a certain distance. Lactation sow house, pregnant sow house, breeding pig house and backup pig house should be built a little closer to the gate of the pig farm in order to facilitate transportation.

Avoid excessive density of pig houses

Some pig farmers in order to save land and reduce investment, pig houses are simple, dense, and can not be designed and arranged scientifically and rationally, resulting in high pig breeding density, easy to cause environmental pollution and mutual infection among pig herds. The distance between pig houses is at least 8m, and fruit trees and trees can be planted for summer shade.

Another way to protect against cold and heat preservation is to build a small room in a large room, because the larger the space is, the more convenient the air circulation is, and the worse the thermal insulation effect is; and if a small room is built, not only the air ventilation in the small room is poor.

Avoid a single architectural model

Sow house, boar house, fat pig house model all have their own specific requirements, can not all build the same sample. For example, sow houses need nursing rooms, while other pig houses do not. The walls of the boar house need to be stronger, the walls higher, and so on. Therefore, what kind of pig to raise, what kind of pig house must be built.

The construction of various types of pig houses:

All kinds of special pig houses should be built according to the sex, age and production purpose of the pig herd, such as boar house, sow house, conservation pig house and fattening pig house.

Sow house: it is divided into pregnancy house and delivery pig house. The pregnant pig house can adopt the group breeding mode, and the delivery pig house often uses the delivery pen or birth bed to raise. Due to the high temperature control requirements of the pig house building, especially the delivery pig house, attention should be paid to the heat preservation work.

Pregnant pig house: the pregnant pig house of natural pig breeding is often convenient for the maintenance and management of fermentation padding, so it is suitable to be raised in large groups. Double-row or single-row structure can be used, the span of the building is not too large, mainly natural ventilation. At present, the relatively new sow automatic feeding system is combined with natural pig breeding.

Delivery room: that is, the delivery pigsty. Through the natural pig raising method, on the one hand, to expand the scope of maternal activities, there are generally the following three modes: first, sows and piglets are on the birth bed, feces and urine flow into the fermentation cushion tank. The cushion tank only plays the role of decomposing feces and urine. Second, the birth bed is limited to sows, and piglets can move in the birth bed or cushion pool. The range of activities of piglets was increased and their natural habits were restored. Piglets can choose rest and activity areas. Third, unlimited column, there is a feeding table, mothers and offspring can move freely.

Conservation piggery: two nursery beds are merged into one, with padding pits in the middle, and two adjacent stages of feed are added to the automatic feeding trough on both sides to allow pigs to choose food freely. The activity area of pigs is increased, so they can play and restore their biological habits.

Fattening pig house: single-row natural pig house is more suitable to ensure sufficient sunshine and large pig activity area.

The layout of the pigsty:

The layout of piggery is generally determined according to topographical conditions, production process and management requirements. At present, single-row type, double-row type and multi-row type are mainly used.

The main contents are as follows: 1. The pig houses of single-row pig farms are arranged in a single row according to a certain spacing, and the organization is relatively simple, with clean roads on one side and dirty lines on the other, which do not interfere with each other.

2. The pig houses of double-row pig farms are arranged in two rows according to a certain distance, which is characterized by: when the number of pig houses is large, the longitudinal depth can be shortened, the arrangement is centralized, the feeding routes are shared, and the layout routes of power grid and pipe network are short and convenient for management. it can save investment and operation costs.

3. Multi-row pig farms can adopt multi-row layout, such as three-row and four-row, but the road organization is more complex, there are many roads, and it is difficult to distinguish between primary and secondary.

Due to the consideration of natural ventilation, the span of natural pig house is relatively small (6m to 9m). If the scale is larger, it will feel that the building is too scattered and occupy a large area, which will lead to the increase of roads, pipeline length, capital construction investment and daily operating costs. Under the premise of solving the problem of ventilation, the span should be appropriately increased (12m to 18m) to make the building layout more compact. Especially in cold areas, the combination of buildings can not only shorten the length of roads and pipelines, but also significantly reduce the cost of construction (the reduction of wall area and heating cost). In the case of good environmental control, the combined pig house layout without spacing can also be adopted in the north.

The basic principles of piggery design:

In the design of natural pig houses, the following principles need to be considered in advance, which need to be guaranteed by the production system and fences:

The first is the principle of "zero" mixing. Pigs from different sources are not allowed to mix, so it is necessary to consider the preparation of isolation houses.

The second is the principle of the best column. Always maintain the use of the fence, which requires the determination of a balanced production system.

The third is the principle of grouping pigs of the same age. Pigs at different stages can not be together, which is the basis of the whole system.

Basic principles of site selection:

In order to build a pig farm, we must first consider the problem of location. Site selection is not only related to the health and epidemic prevention of pig farms, the growth of pigs and the work efficiency of breeders, but also related to the success or failure and efficiency of pig breeding as well as the protection of the surrounding environment. Site selection should consider comprehensive factors, such as area, topography, orientation, traffic, water source, power supply, epidemic prevention conditions, natural disasters and economic environment, etc., general site selection should follow the following principles.

1. Topography. In general, the terrain is neat and open, so as to make full use of the site and reasonable layout of buildings, and reduce the workload of cleaning the site before construction. The terrain requires high, southward, flat or gentle slopes. In the case of a gentle slope, the slope should not be greater than 25 in order to reduce infrastructure investment.

two。 The combination of agriculture and animal husbandry. The combination of agriculture and animal husbandry is the fundamental way to set up large pig farms in mountainous areas and take ecological breeding to solve environmental pollution. A ten thousand pig farm produces nearly 50 tons of feces and urine and sewage every day. If these dung and urine are naturally digested through nearby farmland, orchards, fishing ponds, etc., it is a good fertilizer; if disorderly discharge, it will cause great environmental pollution. Therefore, when selecting the site, we should consider the surrounding farmland, orchards, fishing ponds and other supporting facilities. Generally speaking, a 10,000 pig farm needs about 80 hectares of land to digest the feces. This is the most cost-effective and economical way to deal with manure, and large farms abroad also use manure tanks to store manure and urine, which are regularly transported to the fields as crop fertilizer.

3. The transportation is convenient. Convenient transportation is extremely important to pig farms. On average, a 10,000 pig farm goes in and out of about 20 tons of feed a day, transports about 30 commercial pigs and 4 tons of fertilizer every day. Inconvenient transportation will bring great difficulties to production. In addition, the inconvenience of transportation also affects the life and work of workers.

4. It's good for epidemic prevention. Due to the epidemic prevention needs of pig farms and the pollution to the surrounding environment, large-scale pig farms should be built far away from urban areas, residential areas and traffic trunk lines, generally more than 1 km from traffic roads and residential areas. If there are barriers such as walls, rivers, forest belts, etc., the distance can be appropriately shortened. It is forbidden to build farms in tourist areas and areas with serious industrial pollution.

5. The site should have water and power. Pig farms need water and electricity, so they must have water and power. Ten thousand pig farms must have a reliable water source with good quality, large quantity and no pollution. generally, the daily water consumption of a ten thousand pig farm is about 150 ~ 250 tons. Ten thousand pig farms have complete sets of mechanical and electrical equipment, including water supply, heat preservation, ventilation, feed processing, cleaning, disinfection, flushing and other equipment, plus the daily electricity consumption of workers, the installed capacity of a ten thousand pig farm (except feed processing) should be 70,100 kilowatts. If the local power grid can not stabilize the power supply, large pig farms should provide their own corresponding generating units.

6. The area of the site. The total area of the pig farm should meet the requirement of an annual fattening pig covering an area of 2.5 square meters, and the production building area should meet the requirement of 0.8 square meters of a fattening pig per year. Therefore, a large-scale pig farm with an annual output of 10, 000 heads must cover an area of about 3. 3 hectares and produce a construction area of about 1 hectare (10000 square meters).

Conditions for the establishment of pig farms:

To establish a large-scale pig farm with an annual output of 10,000 heads, the following conditions must be met.

1. There are stable sales channels-daily sales of 30 pigs, weekly sales of 210 pigs.

two。 There are sufficient sites-about 3.3 hectares of hillside land with a flat or slightly gentle slope.

3. There are sufficient land resources to absorb pig manure-80 hectares of farmland, orchards or fishing ponds around.

4. There is enough money-- about 13.5 million yuan invested.

5. There is adequate power and water-installed capacity (except feed processing) 70,100kW, daily water consumption 150,250t.

6. There are convenient sources of feed-10 tons of daily feed and 70 tons of weekly feed.

7. Have sufficient technical force-have professional and technical personnel such as breeding, veterinarian, breeding and so on.