Can the cultivation of edible fungi promote the sustainable development of agriculture?

Edible mushroom is a mushroom with large fruiting body and edible body, commonly known as mushroom. Now the development of edible mushroom planting industry can not only become rich, but also turn waste into resources and promote the development of organic agriculture. Common edible fungi are: Lentinus edodes, straw mushrooms, mushrooms, fungus, Tremella, hericium Erinaceus, bamboo shoot, Tricholoma matsutake (matsutake), mushrooms, red mushrooms, Ganoderma lucidum, Cordyceps sinensis, truffle, white mushrooms and boletus, etc. A few belong to ascomycetes, including Morchella, saddle, truffle and so on. The above fungi grow in different regions and different ecological environments. There are more than 350 species of edible fungi known in China, most of which belong to the subphylum basidiomycetes.

Chen Wenxin, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, recently found that the increase in the use of chemical nitrogen fertilizer is an important reason for the steady increase in ammonia concentration in China's air, especially in the North China Plain, where haze is the worst. In order to change the status quo as soon as possible, he has the following suggestions:

First, the waste left by animals and plants can be transformed into farmland fertilizer by planting edible fungi and other ways.

The second is to give full play to the role of biological nitrogen fixation. Through these two measures, the amount of chemical nitrogen fertilizer can be greatly reduced, which can not only enrich the soil, but also achieve the advantage and high yield of crops, and promote the sustainable development of agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery and a beautiful environment.

China's edible mushroom industry has a long history and has excellent conditions for vigorously developing edible mushroom industry. The production of edible fungi at the same time, produced a large number of bacterial residue. Its crude protein content is more than 10%, and the fertilizer index reaches or exceeds the content of human manure, pig manure and cow manure, so it is a high-quality organic fertilizer. With the application of this organic fertilizer, the contents of nitrate and nitrite in crops will be reduced, and consumers will be able to get safer agricultural products. Edible mushroom is an industry that kills three birds with one arrow: harvesting edible mushroom products themselves; reducing environmental pollution caused by animal and plant wastes; and producing a large number of high-quality organic fertilizers. Therefore, the development of edible mushroom industry can not only become rich, but also turn waste into resources and promote the development of organic agriculture.

The global biological nitrogen fixation is about 200 million tons of pure nitrogen every year, which is equivalent to the total amount of industrial nitrogen fertilizer in the world today, of which 60% to 70% is fixed by rhizobium symbiotic with legumes. The nitrogen fixed in this symbiotic system not only meets the needs of its host, but also can be partially used by nearby crops, while the roots of legumes account for about 35% of their total nitrogen and can be used by subsequent crops.

In addition, recent studies have found that Gramineae helps legumes to eliminate nitrogen repression and its secretions, which can promote legume nodulation and achieve mutually beneficial and high yield. Therefore, the intercropping rotation between legumes and other plants can apply less chemical fertilizer and have high quality and high yield. The Rhizobium Research Center of China Agricultural University has carried out a series of rhizobium matching screening and field inoculation experiments, which show that the inoculated high efficient rhizobium can not only replace chemical nitrogen fertilizer, but also improve the yield and quality of legume crops.

In the paddy fields and winter fallow fields in the south of China, leguminous crops such as Artemisia mandshurica, vetch and sesbania can be planted, or economic beans such as peas and broad beans can be planted, while various legume crops or legume forages can be widely planted in dry fields, orchards and grasslands in the north. In short, according to the actual situation, all inoculated with rhizobia that match legume varieties and adapt to the planting soil, and widely carry out intercropping between legumes and other crops can greatly reduce chemical nitrogen fertilizer and realize the sustainable development of ecological agriculture in China.

Edible fungus is a new strategic industry in China, which has become the fifth largest planting industry after vegetables, grain, fruit and oil after 40 years of development. China has the longest history of artificial cultivation and the largest number of cultivated species of edible fungi in the world. At present, there are 60-70 species and 20-30 common species. Edible mushroom production throughout the north and south, urban and rural areas, a variety of edible fungi as a healthy food, has become a delicacy of the public dining table, edible mushroom industry has become a good way to increase the income of farmers.

Although edible fungi are an important part of the planting industry, most of them are eaten as vegetables, but the production technology is completely different from that of vegetables. All kinds of green crops build themselves by photosynthesis to produce the food that human needs. On the other hand, edible fungi are completely different, using the matrix as the source of nutrition, completely relying on their own enzyme system to decompose and absorb lignocellulose in the matrix, build themselves, and finally form fruiting bodies (mushrooms, ears). The matrix is equivalent to the soil of green crops and is the whole source of nutrition of edible fungi.

All kinds of crop straw are the nutrient source of edible fungus production, as raw materials, through scientific formula, become edible mushroom cultivation matrix. China has an annual output of 700 million tons of crop straw husks, and edible fungi are a kind of organisms for economic utilization and efficient transformation of straw. Edible mushroom production is a kind of high-tech industry, which can make use of non-cultivated land such as mountain, sloping land, sandy land, wasteland and saline-alkali land, invest in horticultural facilities with less investment and quick effect, and can produce at least two seasons a year. the greenhouse can consume 20-30 tons of straw per mu and produce 15-35 tons of mushrooms, equivalent to 0.6-1.4 tons of beef, and the protein production efficiency is 4.8-11.2 times that of beef cattle. The nutritional characteristics of edible fungi are high in protein, low in fat, low in calories, high in vitamins and minerals, high in dietary fiber and many health active substances. The whole production process adopts the production characteristics of aseptic operation, clean production and environmental control. Increasingly favored by consumers, it has become the first choice of food for public health and an important part of the big health industry in China.

After the decomposition of edible fungi, all kinds of straw can be processed into high-quality animal feed, soilless cultivation substrate and organic fertilizer after producing considerable delicious, nutritious and healthy food-mushrooms and ears. finally, returning to the field to become plant nutrition, such an infinite cycle, plays an irreplaceable role in the balance between human social development and environmental ecology.

In China, edible mushrooms such as Pleurotus ostreatus, Flammulina velutipes, Agaricus bisporus and straw mushroom with straw as the main matrix raw materials produce about 20 million tons per year, consume 2400-26 million tons of straw, and use only 3.4-3.7% of the existing crop straw resources. Due to the influence of production habits, traditional cultivated species such as black fungus and Lentinus edodes of bulk products are still produced with sawdust as the main raw material. With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, forestry resources are in urgent need of protection. With the continuous expansion of edible mushroom industry, sawdust resources are becoming more and more scarce. In order to solve this problem, from the beginning of the construction of the technical system of national edible fungus industry, we have firmly grasped the research and experimental demonstration of the new matrix industrialization technology of edible fungi based on straw utilization. Studies on the cultivation of edible fungi such as corncob, corn straw, rice straw, soybean straw, cotton firewood and fungus dregs, especially black fungus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Flammulina velutipes have been carried out successively, and gratifying results have been achieved and a series of industrialization technologies have been formed. At present, corncob, corn straw, rice straw, soybean straw, cottonwood, sawdust and other main materials can replace 30-70% of the traditional main materials such as cottonseed husk and sawdust, which are used in the production of Pleurotus ostreatus, black fungus, Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus eryngii respectively, saving cost and increasing efficiency by more than 7% on average. On the other hand, the bacterial residue with straw as the main material is more conducive to digestion and absorption of livestock and poultry, and is favored by the feed industry, so it can be used for the second time to produce feed, which can save breeding costs and improve efficiency. At present, the technology of producing edible fungi with straw instead of sawdust and cottonseed hull has been popularized in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Hebei, Henan and other places.

China is the first country to use crop straw to cultivate wood-rot edible fungi. In the 1970s, Mr. Liu Chunye invented the cottonseed shell species of Pleurotus ostreatus, which opened the door for the use of straw for the production of a variety of edible fungi. Since then, corncob, soybean straw, bagasse and rice straw have been widely used in the production of Pleurotus ostreatus, Flammulina velutipes, Pleurotus eryngii and so on. In recent years, a complete set of cultivation techniques of edible fungi such as cotton wood, fungus residue, mulberry branches, fruit tree branches and hemp bones have been developed, which has expanded the raw material resources for the production of edible fungi. Industrial practice has proved that the use of straw to produce edible fungi is economical, safe, efficient, green, environmentally friendly and recyclable, and it is an ecological health industry that benefits the country and the people. Edible mushrooms transform the straw that can not be eaten directly as food into delicious, nutritious and healthy food, let us take care of, cultivate and enjoy it, and let edible fungi benefit human beings, the environment and health.