Agricultural measures for controlling Diseases and insect pests by cultivated species of Edible Fungi

1. Brown rot is also known as vesicle disease, wet bubble disease and so on. Mainly harmful to mushrooms, straw mushrooms, Pleurotus ostreatus and so on. The disease is caused by a pathogen called verrucosporium. The main symptoms are as follows: the conidia and conidia of verrucosporium only infect the fruiting body, but not the mycelium. When the fruiting body is slightly infected, the stalk is swollen into a bubble deformity, so it is called wet bubble disease. However, the disease is different at different stages of fruiting body development. When the fruiting body is infected, it becomes a hard-skinned, irregular tissue mass, covered with a layer of white fluffy hyphae, and gradually turns dark brown, often oozing dark black juice droplets from the diseased tissue. After the differentiation of the cap and stalk, the stalk turns brown, and the infection has a white mycelial growth on the fold. Route of transmission: Alternaria verrucosa is a common soil fungus, which is caused by the soil and waste around the mushroom house. Therefore, verrucosporium is mainly transmitted to the fungus bed and clot through covering soil, air, operators, tools, insects, mice and so on. Control measures: if the covered soil is contaminated by verruca, pasteurization (60 ℃) can be used for one hour, or 4% formaldehyde can be used to disinfect the soil. It can also be sterilized by spraying carbendazim solution or topiramate solution of 1RU 500 in the covered soil. At the beginning of the disease, you should immediately stop spraying water, increase the ventilation rate of the mushroom room, and spray 1% 2% formaldehyde solution or 1Ru 500 carbendazim solution on the culture rack, wall and ground to sterilize. When the disease is serious, it is necessary to remove the original cover soil and replace the new soil. And destroy the diseased mushrooms and disinfect all the tools in a formaldehyde solution with a concentration of 4%.

2. Fusarium wilt, also known as death blight, is a physiological disease. It mainly harms mushrooms, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus ostreatus and so on. The main symptoms are: after the formation of mushroom buds, the disease can occur in fruiting bodies of different sizes. Stop growing after the disease, yellowing, gradually shrinking, softening, drying, and finally withered or rotted. Etiology: the occurrence of the disease is the result of physiological obstruction. The main reason is that the culture material is too dry after the formation of the primordium, which makes the mushroom buds withered; or the mushroom production is too dense and the nutrition supply is not enough, so that some small mushrooms die; or the mushroom room temperature is too high, the humidity is too high, the ventilation is not good, and the lack of oxygen is caused by the excessive content of carbon dioxide in the air; and accidentally bumping the mushroom buds, or overproducing mushrooms, resulting in drug damage. Prevention and control measures: when the fruiting body appears wilting, we should first find out the cause of the disease and take corresponding measures. Do not spray in the mushroom room after mushroom production, otherwise it is easy to cause drug damage. In particular, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus ostreatus should not be sprayed with dichlorvos during mushroom production.

3. Abnormal mushroom disease is also a physiological disease. Edible fungi in the formation of fruiting bodies, if encountered adverse environment and conditions, so that the fruiting bodies can not develop normally, it will produce a variety of deformities. The main symptoms are: the bacterial cap is small and thin, the handle is slender, and the umbrella opens early. This phenomenon often occurs after the first stubble of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus ostreatus, while Lentinus edodes occurs in the first stubble. The main causes are high temperature, lack of light, lack of nutrition and so on. Pleurotus ostreatus mainly occurs during the fruiting body formation of Pleurotus ostreatus, the fruiting body is coral-shaped or the cap is very small, and the root of the stalk is thick. The main reasons are lack of light, poor ventilation, high carbon dioxide content and too little oxygen. The occurrence of fruiting body tilting phenomenon is generally inclined to the bright side, which is due to the phototaxis of fruiting body in the growth process, mainly caused by the uneven light in the mushroom room. The phenomenon of mycelium shrinkage and sometimes even death that often occurs in different growth processes is mainly due to the fact that the bacteria are not robust and do not eat on the new culture material; or the water content of the culture material is not suitable, too dry or too wet; and then the temperature in the material is too high, resulting in burning bacteria, or poor ventilation in the culture material, or the acidity and alkalinity in the culture material is not suitable. There is only one prevention and control measure, that is, in the production process, every procedure and every process must be carried out scientifically and strictly in accordance with the requirements, so as to avoid adverse consequences of one kind or another, resulting in production failure.

4. Fusarium wilt, also known as Fusarium wilt, is a fungal disease, mainly caused by Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium oxysporum. The main symptom is that after the fruiting body is infected, the medulla of the fungal stalk atrophies and turns brown, and the mushroom body becomes short and no longer grows. The early stage of the disease and healthy mushrooms are not easy to detect in appearance, but the cap darkens, the mushroom body no longer grows, and finally becomes a stiff mushroom.