Brief introduction of high-yield planting techniques of broccoli

The market structure of the agricultural industry has gradually moved closer from the original single food crops to the development of characteristic vegetables. Characteristic agricultural products will be more and more popular in the market. How to develop and grow broccoli with special agricultural products?

In this paper, the basic techniques for high yield cultivation of broccoli are briefly introduced as follows:

I. Preface

(1) brief introduction of broccoli

Broccoli, also known as green cauliflower and broccoli, belongs to the Brassica variety of Cruciferae. Its edible part is green tender flower stems and buds, which is rich in nutrition and contains protein, sugar, fat, vitamins and carotene, which ranks first among similar vegetables and is known as vegetable crown. The nutrients in broccoli are not only high, but also very comprehensive, including protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, vitamin C and carotene. According to analysis, the bulb of every 100 grams of fresh broccoli contains 3.5-4.5 grams of protein, which is 3 times that of cauliflower and 4 times that of tomato.

(2) Botanical characteristics

Broccoli belongs to cruciferous herbs with developed root system, thick stem of main root and short stem during vegetative growth, in which axillary buds belong to dormant state. after completion of stage development, axillary buds germinate one after another, and the leaves are long ovate or lanceolate. The main stem forms the main bouquet, which is about 20 cm in height and 14 cm in diameter and weighs about 400 grams. The flower is a compound inflorescence, complete, calyx green and pollinated. The morphology and growth habits of broccoli are similar to those of cauliflower, but they are strong in growth, heat tolerance and cold resistance. The plant is tall, grow 17 leaves and pull out the flower stem, the tip is closely clustered into globular buds, the buds are turquoise, so it is also called broccoli. The leaf color is blue-green, gradually turning to dark blue-green, and the wax powder increases. Petiole long and narrow. There are two types of leaves: broad leaves and long leaves.

2. Key points of high-yield cultivation techniques of broccoli

(1) Variety selection

According to the characteristics of the varieties and the local climatic conditions, in practice, we selected the medium-maturing varieties as the main varieties for side branch production. Such as excellent, green wind and so on.

(2) requirements of growth and development on the environment

The main results are as follows: 1. The requirement of light for broccoli is not very strict, but it likes sufficient light in the process of growth. when the light is enough, the plant grows healthily, which can form a strong nutrient, which is beneficial to the accumulation of photosynthesis and nutrients, and makes the flower bulb compact and compact. the color is bright green and the quality is good, and too strong sunshine in midsummer is also not conducive to the growth and development of broccoli.

2. When the temperature is in the range of 5 ℃ and 20 min, the higher the temperature, the faster the growth and development of broccoli. The optimum temperature for germination was 20 ℃, and the optimum temperature for growth at seedling stage was 15 ℃. Broccoli has strong cold and heat tolerance, the suitable temperature for growth at rosette stage is 20 ℃ 22 ℃, and the suitable temperature for flower head development is 15 ℃ 18 mol. When the temperature is higher than 25 Mel, the quality of flower head is easy to deteriorate, but as long as it is not damaged by freezing, it can still grow slowly at low temperature of 5 ℃ or below. There are great differences in temperature requirements for vernalization among different varieties and seedling ages, so the selection of varieties in annual cultivation is very important.

3. Moisture broccoli needs a lot of water in the whole growth process, especially in the period of vigorous leaf growth and flower head formation, even if it is short-term drought, it will reduce the yield. Rainy or high soil moisture at seedling stage can easily cause diseases such as black rot and black spot. During the period of flower head formation, the soil moisture and field capacity are about 70% and 80% in order to meet the growth needs.

4. Soil nutrient broccoli is not strict on soil conditions, but if it is too barren, the plant will develop poorly, the yield and quality will be low, and the over-fertile soil will lead to loose buds and hollow moss. Broccoli is suitable to be planted on loam and sandy loam with good drainage and irrigation, deep plough layer, loose and fertile soil and strong water and fertility conservation. The range of soil PH was 5.5 Mel 8, but 6 was the best. Broccoli needs sufficient fertilizer during the whole growth process, and its ratio of N, P and K is 14:5:8. The demand for nitrogen was relatively high at the seedling stage, and the demand for P and K was relatively increased after flower bud differentiation. It is noted that boron, molybdenum, magnesium and other trace elements are also needed in broccoli during the development of the corm, so the application of appropriate trace element foliar fertilizer before budding will significantly improve the yield and quality.

(3) soil preparation, fertilization and planting

Broccoli has a strong growth potential and needs a large amount of fertilizer, so it must be combined with soil preparation to apply sufficient base fertilizer. General mu application of high-quality ring fertilizer 5000 kg, rotten dung dry 500 to 1000 kg, calcium superphosphate 30 to 40 kg, plant ash 50 kg. After the application of basic fertilizer, deep ploughing and fine raking, and then leveling, into a flat bed 1.3 to 1.5 meters wide. When broccoli seedlings grow to 5 to 6 true leaves, they are generally planted in 2 rows per row, with a plant spacing of 30 to 40 cm and a planting density of about 2500 plants per mu. When planting, we should carry more soil as much as possible, hurt less roots and reduce the slow seedling stage.

(4) Field management

The main results are as follows: 1. Mid-tillage weeding is generally ploughed twice before plant closure, combined with weed removal, which is beneficial to growth.

2. The water requirement of irrigated broccoli is different in different growth stages, such as drought or waterlogging leads to hollow, black heart, split root and other phenomena, which affect the product and quality. generally, the fixed root water is irrigated sufficiently, and the seedlings should be watered continuously before survival. after survival, the number of watering should be reduced and combined with middle tillage to promote root growth, and the amount of irrigation and irrigation times should be increased in the vigorous period of leaf growth and the period of flower head formation. To prevent drought, rainy season should pay attention to drainage to prevent waterlogging.

3. Topdressing broccoli needs a large amount of fertilizer and water. In addition to applying sufficient base fertilizer, topdressing should be applied timely according to different growth periods. Topdressing should grasp the principles of promoting, controlling and attacking, that is, applying nitrogen fertilizer at seedling stage, promoting vegetative growth, controlling fertilization in the middle stage and attacking fertilizer in the later stage. After the colonization survived, the seedlings were lifted with 1:5 clear dung water, once a week. 30 days after planting, urea or compound fertilizer was applied at 20 kg per mu, and watering after application was used to prevent drought and burning seedlings. Topdressing should be re-applied in the period of flower head formation, that is, 25 kg of compound fertilizer and 20 kg of urea to promote flower bulb hypertrophy.

(5) Disease and pest control

It is forbidden to spray pesticides when broccoli is in bud, and there are many diseases and insect pests in the later stage of plant growth, so special attention should be paid to pest control in harvesting lateral branches. The main diseases in the later stage were black rot (the secondary disease was controlled by 1000 times of dimethazone), root seed disease (1000 times of 50% chlorothalonil) and fungus black disease (58% 1000 times of chlorothalonil). The main pests are Plutella xylostella (2.5% enemy kill 1500 times solution for control) and cabbage worm (both for the control of Plutella xylostella).