High-yield cultivation techniques of broccoli

Broccoli is a vegetable eaten with green or purple bulbs, alias broccoli, green cauliflower, Italian kale and so on. Belonging to a variety of Brassica campestris in Cruciferae, herbaceous plants born in 2012 have emerald green color, good flavor, high nutritional value, rich in protein, carbohydrates, fat and a variety of vitamins. It is a vegetable with complete nutrients and has a strong cosmetic effect.

1 Variety selection

According to the color of its bouquet, broccoli can be divided into two types: blue and purple. At present, most of the varieties used belong to blue and white, which can be divided into early, middle and late maturity according to different ripening period. the most widely used varieties in production are early and mid-maturing varieties, that is, high-yield and high-quality varieties with a growth period of 90 to 120 days are selected for planting. Such as: Cuihua, green comet, Apollo and so on.

2 sowing and raising seedlings

The nursery land should choose the loam land with high dryness, good drainage, rich organic matter, loose soil and fertile soil, and the nutritive soil of 15~20cm should be laid per mu, and calcium superphosphate 1kg and urea 0.3kg should be added to every cubic meter of nutritious soil.

The sowing time should be determined according to the suitable seedling age and planting time, generally the seedling age is 35-40 days, so the sowing time should be pushed forward 35-40 days according to the planting time, sow seeds in shallow trenches according to the row spacing of 3~5cm, spread seeds evenly into the seedling bed, cover 1cm with screened fine soil, and spray 70% methyl topiramate 800 times or 75% chlorothalonil 1000 times for the prevention and control of seedling bed diseases. The temperature of seedling bed should be 12: 20 ℃, not higher than 25 ℃ and less than 5 ℃. The time should be given to seedlings after unearthing cotyledons, and the distance between seedlings should be about 1cm, and moisture should be properly controlled to prevent overgrowth.

3 colonization

Broccoli has tall plants and high requirements for soil nutrients. We should choose garden fields with convenient drainage and irrigation, loose and fertile soil, strong water and fertility conservation, 3000~4000kg per mu of rotten high quality farm manure, calcium superphosphate 35~40kg, mixed composting, leveling after ploughing, raking fine, and making a 1.2m wide flat border, which is convenient for drainage and raising soil temperature, and can also be made into high border, high 10~15cm, wide 60~70cm, wide 30~40cm. At the time of planting, the quick-acting nitrogen and phosphorus compound fertilizer 15kg and potassium sulfate 10kg were applied to the planting ditch, mixed with the soil and then planted. Seedlings should be transplanted with soil to reduce root damage. The planting density varies from variety to variety. The row spacing is 40~50cm, and the number of seedlings per mu is 3 000 to 3 200.

4 field management

4.1 after applying for weeding, cultivating and planting, the soil should be ploughed and loosened in time, which is beneficial to the increase of soil temperature and the elimination of weeds. In order to prevent root damage, weeding should be completed within 1 month after planting. Generally combined with topdressing and ploughing for 2 to 3 times, loosen the soil and weed before topdressing, and cultivate the soil in time after topdressing. In order to save labor and avoid root injury by middle ploughing, 48% trifluralin emulsion can be used after the bed, the dosage of 100g to 130g per mu, water 20~25kg can be sprayed into the ground, covered with soil and then covered with film.

Fertilizer and water management broccoli is a vegetable that needs more fertilizer. In addition to applying sufficient basal fertilizer, it is necessary to apply fertilizer many times during the growth period. Generally, the first fertilizer is applied 10-15 days after seedling retardation, urea 10kg, diammonium phosphate 15kg or human fecal urine 300kg is applied per mu, the second fertilizer is applied when the top bud appears, diammonium phosphate 10~15kg and appropriate amount of potassium sulfate or plant ash are applied per mu, and foliar fertilizer can be sprayed during flower bulb expansion. Water should be irrigated every 5-7 days after planting to keep the soil moist.

4.3 to remove the special species of lateral branch and apical flower bulb, lateral buds should be removed before harvest. There are more lateral branches, and 4 or 5 strong lateral branches are generally selected to erase thin and weak lateral branches in order to reduce nutrient consumption.

(5) Disease and pest control

Broccoli has strong resistance and wide adaptability, and there are no serious disastrous diseases and insect pests. The common diseases are downy mildew, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, black rot, black spot and so on. The main pests are cabbage moth, diamondback moth and aphids. The specific control method is the same as the conventional control.

6 harvesting

The suitable harvest time of broccoli is short and must be harvested in time. The harvest standard is: the flower bulb is fully grown, the bud grain is neat, the ball is not scattered, and when it does not blossom, the quality and yield are the highest. This is the right time for harvest, and it is generally better to harvest in the early morning and evening. (source: China Agriculture, Countryside and Farmers Network)