Sowing points of flowers in different seasons, fertilizer types and application techniques of flowers

1. Organic fertilizer: fertilizer that contains a lot of organic matter is called organic fertilizer, also known as farm manure. Organic fertilizer contains a lot of humus and organic matter, which can provide various nutrient elements for plants, improve the availability of insoluble sulfate in soil, reduce the fixation of soil to phosphorus, and improve the fertility of loam. it is of great significance to improve the structure of the soil. Commonly used organic fertilizers include manure, livestock manure, poultry manure, bone meal, fish meal, stable manure, compost, green manure, cake fertilizer, peat, plant ash, deciduous leaves, weeds, green manure and so on. Organic fertilizer is characterized by rich content of organic matter, comprehensive nutritional composition, long effective period and so on. It is worth noting that the use of organic fertilizer should be fully mature.

The application of ⑴ composting and retting compost is made by using plant litter, such as straw, leaves, weeds, plant waste and other wastes as the main raw materials, adding human feces and urine or livestock manure for accumulation and retting. The composting of compost should create good conditions for microbial decomposition, and the fermentation temperature is higher. Retting fertilizer is mostly retted under water, mainly by anaerobic decomposition, and the fermentation temperature is low. The most suitable ratio of C to N for general microbial fermentation is 25:1. The C / N ratio of different organic compounds is different, which needs to be adjusted by appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer during fermentation. 3 C / N ratio of plant materials and fertilizers with different organic matter (C / N) Weeds 2545 1 dry rice straw 67:1 Wood and bark 480 Vera 1 Medicago sativa and Clover 20:1 Purple Ying 1017.3 Zi Ying 1017.3 Zi Ying 1 250 Jut1 High temperature compost 9.6710.67 1 General compost 1620 1 full fertilizer containing higher organic matter and various nutrients, fertilizer efficiency is slow and lasting, and it is generally used as base fertilizer. Long-term application of heap and retting fertilizer can improve soil. The amount of fertilizer used for heap and retting in the nursery is usually 7501500Kg/ mu. The nitrogen in compost is insufficient due to the consumption of microorganisms, so it is best to apply fast nitrogen fertilizer after composting. The proportion of all kinds of retting fertilizer materials should be determined according to the use of fertilizer. If it is used as topdressing in the same year, it is required that the fertilizer should mature quickly. Use 50kg grass, add 1015kg human feces and urine, 12kg lime, or 2.55kg plant ash. (the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in organic fertilizer is shown in Table 14). If it is used as the base fertilizer for the following year, first dry the grass for 12 days, cut it into long sections of 710cm, spread the broken grass at the bottom of the pit, about 17cm thick, and then spread mule and horse dung, and water and human manure to submerge all the grass. Fertilizer fermentation, when the dung water turns black-green, add a layer of black soil, and then add grass, horse dung and water. Such layers are piled up to the ground and finally filled with water, so that the surface of the pit is kept with 3cm thick water. In autumn, the compost will be raised to the ground, turned and then piled into a large pile of steamed bread. Compost ripening is the result of microbial activity. The external conditions that affect the activity of microorganisms are moisture, air, temperature, C / N ratio of composting materials, and the pH of the environmental conditions of microorganisms. Composting can mature as long as the conditions for microbial activity are met. Plant residues need to be soaked to absorb water before stacking. Moisture is very important in the composting process, and it is usually 60% of that of dry materials, which is beneficial to the life of microorganisms in the pile and the softening of organic materials, and can also promote the composting to mature evenly. The material is usually squeezed out with water droplets by hand, which means that the moisture is moderate. If there is good ventilation in the fertilizer pile, the activity of aerobic microorganisms is strong. It is beneficial to the maturity of microbial composting; when the aeration condition is poor, the activity of aerophobic microorganisms is exuberant, the decomposition of organic matter is slow, the release of available nutrients is less, and the composting time is long, but it is beneficial to the formation and accumulation of humus. Therefore, the two can be combined; the early stage of composting is mainly good gas, which makes the compost decompose rapidly and release nutrients, while the middle and later composting is in a state of poor air circulation to preserve the released nutrients and promote the accumulation of humus. The method is as follows: in the early stage of composting, the composting can be aerated by setting up ventilation towers, ventilation ditches or loose accumulation. When the compost is mature, the compost collapses naturally, and then the mud is pressed and the ventilation towers are removed, so that the compost pile reduces air circulation. In the process of composting, the temperature in the compost changes with the decomposition of organic matter, from low temperature to medium temperature to high temperature. The temperature required by high temperature fiber decomposing bacteria is 5060 ℃, which is a good thermal microorganism. When composting in winter, an appropriate amount of horse manure can be added to the composting material, and the heat generated by high temperature fiber decomposing bacteria can be used to increase the composting temperature, or the composting surface can be used to seal mud, so as to reduce heat at any time and speed up the maturity of compost. Microbial activity requires carbon as a source of energy and nitrogen as a material for building cells. For the activity and reproduction of microorganisms, a certain ratio of carbon to nitrogen (Cmax N) is required, which is generally less than 25:1. If the ratio of carbon to nitrogen in composting afforestation is more than 25: 1, the microorganisms can not reproduce in large numbers, and the organic residues decompose slowly, and the microorganisms will absorb inorganic nitrogen from the external environment. If the C / N ratio of organic matter is less than 25:1, microorganisms multiply quickly and the organic residue decomposes into depression. In order to accelerate the activity of microorganisms and promote the maturity of compost, dilute manure or other nitrogen fertilizer can be added to the compost to adjust the carbon-nitrogen ratio needed by microorganisms. In the process of composting, the decomposition of organic matter will produce a large number of organic acids, which will make the environment sour and affect the life activities of microorganisms. Because general microorganisms are suitable to live in neutral or slightly acidic environment, some alkaline substances such as lime or plant ash and calcareous soil should be added to composting to adjust the pH value of composting. There are two kinds of compost: ordinary composting and high temperature composting. The former is fermented at a low temperature, while the latter is fermented at high temperature. First, ordinary composting: suitable for areas or seasons with high temperature and heavy rainfall. Compost should choose a place where the terrain is flat and close to the water source. The stack is 2 meters wide and the highest is 1.52 meters. The stack length depends on the number of materials. Before stacking, the ground is tamped and leveled, covered with a layer of turf soil or peat to absorb the infiltration of fertilizer liquid, and then evenly spread litter, weeds, garbage and so on, spilling human and animal feces, urine and sewage. Each layer is about the thickness of 1526cm pile covered with a layer of fine soil or river mud to reduce water evaporation and ammonia evaporation. Pile it for about 1 month, turn it once and add the right amount of water. It is high-temperature and rainy in summer, compost for about 2 months, turn once, and it takes 34 months to mature in winter. Second, high temperature composting is a main method of harmless treatment of organic matter. After high temperature treatment of human feces and urine, fallen leaves of trees, weeds, mixed dead plants and all kinds of straw, the latent bacteria, insect eggs and grass seeds can be eliminated. It is beneficial to environmental hygiene and human and animal health. In order to speed up the decomposition of weeds and leaves and increase the temperature of the compost pile. High-temperature composting must be added to horse manure, using hot high-temperature fiber decomposing bacteria in horse manure to promote the decomposition of plant residues. If semi-pit composting is adopted in high temperature composting, it will mature quickly and fully, and the nutrient loss will be less. The method is to choose the place with shade and high dryness and close to the water source as the fertilizer field. Dig a pit on the ground, if the plant material is calculated according to 0.5 tons, the depth of the pit is 1 meter, and the dug soil is surrounded by a circle of ridges. The bottom of the pit is shoveled flat, and a cross trench is dug. The depth and width of the trench are both 20cm. The two ends of the ditch are dug up along the edge, straight out of the earth ridge, and the outer exit is trumpet-shaped. The bottom of the pit is covered with two layers of short branches, and the trench at the edge of the pit erects several straws or branches to make ventilation towers. Then cover with plant materials, add a layer of fine soil, sprinkle lime water, sprinkle horse dung, and then throw human feces. Then lay the material again, so that one layer is piled up to about 30cm above the pit surface, and the top is covered with a layer of soil, which is about 3cm thick, so that the fertilizer pile is in the shape of steamed bread. After 12 days, make it fully ventilated, and finally cap it with river mud, pond mud and so on. The above two kinds of compost are the traditional methods of making fertilizer for crops. It is characterized by rich and comprehensive nutrient content. High temperature compost has germicidal and insecticidal effect. The manufacture of culture soil and rotten leaf soil commonly used in flower production is similar to that of compost. They also use plant materials such as fallen leaves and flowers to pour sparse human feces to promote the maturity of plant remains. The difference is that rotten leaf soil should add a considerable amount of garden soil, mature for a long time, there is no high-temperature fermentation process, can not kill insects and sterilization, often make bacteria and eggs latent in the culture soil or rotten leaf soil, so that new plants are infected with viruses or breeding pests.

Application of ⑵ mud fertilizer fertile mud in rivers, ponds, ditches and lakes is collectively referred to as mud fertilizer. It is composed of fine soil, dirt, dead branches and leaves brought by wind and rain at the bottom of rivers, ditches, ponds and lakes, plus the excreta and remains of aquatic animals, as well as the remains of aquatic plants. These substances are decomposed by long-term anaerobic microorganisms to form mud fertilizer. Different mud fertilizers have different fertilizer effects. If the water surface of the mud is dark green and smelly, and the mud has many honeycomb holes, the traces of plant stems and leaves can not be seen clearly, and the fertilizer efficiency of lighter volume is high; on the contrary, if the water surface is clear, the mud block dug out is gray and white in color and compact in structure. the fertilizer efficiency without honeycomb holes is poor (see Table 15). Mud fertilizer belongs to cool fertilizer, and its fertilizer effect period is long and stable. In order to quickly transform the nutrients of mud fertilizer and eliminate the reducing toxic substances produced by long-term flooding, it should be spread out and dried for a period of time before fertilization, and then broken and applied. The nursery uses a large amount of mud fertilizer as base fertilizer, which can not only provide seedlings with nutrients, but also thicken the plough layer of soil and improve soil physical and chemical properties. The effect of planting flowers in culture soil prepared with mud fertilizer is good. First spread the mud fertilizer in the open field, after a little drying, cut into 1cm-sized mud blocks, mixed with 1 big 5 rice chaff ash, use this soil to plant white orchid, jasmine and so on, Ye Maohua Yan.