To understand the cultivation techniques of edible fungi and the comprehensive control measures of edible fungi diseases and insect pests.

Once diseases and insect pests occur in edible fungi, it is often difficult to deal with, and the loss has been caused. Therefore, the comprehensive prevention and control of edible fungi diseases and insect pests put more emphasis on prevention, prevention is more important than treatment, and try to adopt agricultural control measures to reduce the use of chemicals, in order to avoid drug damage and pollution to edible fungi.

1. Preventive measures

1. The strain factory should be far away from the warehouse, feeding field, loading room, sterilizing pot and inoculation room, the architectural design should be reasonable, and the sterilized strain bag or bottle should be able to enter the inoculation room directly to reduce the chance of pollution. Inoculation room, culture room should be often cleaned, disinfection, regular inspection, found that contaminated bacteria should be dealt with immediately, do not litter. Make sure that the bacteria leaving the factory are free from pollution and without diseases and insects. The introduction of bacteria in the cultivation field should pay attention to prevent human diseases and insect pests.

2. Do a good job in the hygiene of the cultivation room and cultivation site.

Cutting and training sites should be far away from warehouses, feedlots and garbage dumps. Do a good job in environmental sanitation, reduce the hiding and breeding places of miscellaneous bacteria and pests, reduce the opportunities of man-made transmission, and minimize the entry of idle personnel into the cultivation room. Screen should be installed in the doors, windows and ventilation openings of the cultivation room, and edible fungi should be cultivated in air-raid shelters, tunnels and caves. The population should have some distance to keep the darkness, and turn off the lights casually, so as to prevent pests from flying and spreading the source of bacteria.

When cultivating in the open field, it is necessary to remove the remnants of the cultivation field and the nearby litter, rotten grass and masonry tiles. After cleaning up the environment, the site should be killed if necessary, and trapping pits or circular ditches should be dug to prevent termites.

The cultivation room should be cleaned before cultivating edible fungi, and the shelves, walls and floor should be thoroughly disinfected and insecticidal. Special attention should be paid to places where pests are easily hidden in cracks in bricks and shelves, and old cultivation rooms with serious disease should be fumigated by fumigation with a mixture of 80 ml formalin and 40 grams of potassium permanganate per cubic meter. During fumigation, the cultivation room should be closed, and after 2 days, open the doors and windows and ventilate for 24 hours before giving away the bacterial bag. Can also be fumigated with sulfur, the dosage is 5 grams per cubic meter, sealed for 48 hours, and then feed after 2 days.

3. Pay attention to the hygiene of raw materials, bags and tools. Wheat bran, bran straw, rice straw, cottonseed hulls and other mildew-prone raw materials should be properly kept, and toxic substances and raw materials should be strictly prevented from mixing into the culture materials. Waste, chunks and old bacteria bags should not be piled near the cultivation room and should be treated with high temperature composting before use. The new and old bacterial bags in the cultivation room must be separated and stored separately and must not be mixed, so as to prevent the diseases and insects of the old bacterial bags from being transferred to the new ones. Cutting and training tools should also be used separately and strictly sterilized and disinfected to prevent inoculation infection and various secondary infections.

4. Control the quality of bacteria. The newly isolated strains should be observed from many aspects and planted on a trial basis to see the performance of their economic characters. For introduction, it should be selected according to the quality standard. In the process of seed production, we should often check and select, once pollution is found, immediately eliminate, ensure the purity of production strains, for the production of bacteria, timely use, to prevent aging, and control the number of passages. In the process of cultivation, once miscellaneous bacteria are found, formaldehyde and other drugs should be injected in time.

5. Remove the residual mushrooms in time and disinfect them. After picking mushrooms, clean the noodles thoroughly, pick up the mushroom roots, rotten mushrooms and killed mushroom buds, bury them deeply or burn them, and do not throw them away at will. The culture and soil covering of Pleurotus ostreatus should be disinfected and sealed with bleach or formaldehyde or spraying insecticide for 24 hours before being sent to the bed frame.

6. Promoting mushroom, restraining insect and disease. Different edible fungi have different requirements for their growth and development. Humidity, moisture, light, pH, nutrition, oxygen and carbon dioxide should be scientifically managed according to the requirements of various edible fungi. Make the whole environment suitable for the growth of edible fungi but not conducive to the reproduction and growth of pathogens and pests, that is, the so-called promoting mushrooms, inhibiting insects and diseases.

7. Sterilization should be thorough. During cultivation, high pressure or atmospheric pressure steam sterilization is generally used. High pressure sterilization should be kept at 2 atmospheric pressure for 2 hours and the intake and exhaust should be very slow. Atmospheric pressure sterilization requires that the temperature in the pot should reach 97-100 ℃ within 4 hours. After that, when sterilizing, the sterilization chamber should keep the above temperature for about 10 hours, and after sterilization, the temperature in the pot should be below 60 ℃ before coming out of the pot. Disinfection should be carried out before inoculation, in strict accordance with aseptic operation rules, the specific method is to remove the cotton plug of the cultivated species used as bacteria, burn the bottle mouth with alcohol lamp, and then quickly put it into the inoculation box, the inoculation room must be disinfected with formaldehyde, potassium permanganate and other high-efficiency and low-toxic agents in advance.

II. Agricultural prevention and control measures

1. Pest control by water immersion: some pests die due to hypoxia caused by immersion in water and separation of protoplasts from cell membranes. However, it must be noted that the cultivation bag has no pollution and no miscellaneous bacteria, and the mycelium will not disperse after soaking for 2-3 hours, otherwise the mycelium will be dispersed after water immersion, although the purpose of eliminating pests will be achieved, but the production benefit will be lost. The operation method is as follows: bottle cultivation and bag cultivation can inject water into bottles and bags, block cultivation can soak the cultivation blocks into water and press heavy objects to avoid floating, and the larvae will die and float after soaking for 2-3 hours. after soaking, the bottle and bag can drain the water and put it back to the original place.

2. Make use of the habits of pests to control: some pests have special habits, such as mosquitoes have the habit of silking, larvae spin silk, cover mushroom buds with silk, live in groups in the net, and these pests can be caught artificially. Gall midge has the habit of larval reproduction, one larva reproduces 20 larvae from the body. Gall mosquitoes are small and afraid of dryness. The bacteria bags with insect pests will be exposed to the sun for 1-2 hours or sprinkled with lime powder to make the insects dry and die and reduce the population density. In addition, some Lepidoptera larvae are very large and colorful when they are mature, which can be easily found in mushroom gathering and management and can be captured and destroyed at any time. Beats and kills pests that fall in bright places at any time. Some larvae leave creeping traces to look for and capture along the tracks.

3. Trapping and killing pests: trapping and killing harmful mites, it is better to use rapeseed cake with local materials. Spread several pieces of gauze on the mushroom bed, sprinkle the freshly fried rapeseed cake on the gauze, the mites gather on the gauze, and then soak the gauze in thick lime water, the mites are killed, and the acaricidal effect can reach more than 90% for several times in a row. Where there is no vegetable and cottonseed cake, the effect of killing mites by fumigating cotton balls soaked in dichlorvos solution is also good. Cotton balls dipped in 50% dichlorvos are arranged every 70 cm under the mushroom bed, and covered with wet gauze on the culture material surface of the mushroom bed. Soak the mites in lime water, repeat several times, the effect is better. It is also effective to trap and kill mosquitoes and moths with black light or energy-saving lamps. The method is to put 0.1% dichlorvos in the water basin under the lamp, and the pest will be killed when it falls into the basin. Taking advantage of the phototaxis of pests, the armyworm board is hung in strong light, and 40% polypropylene mucus is coated on the armyworm board, which can be valid for up to 2 months. In addition, special attention should be paid to the elimination of overwintering adults.

III. Chemical control measures

In the production of edible fungi, the use of chemicals to control diseases and insect pests is not recommended. Edible fungi are fungi, and the diseases of edible fungi are mostly caused by pathogenic fungi. The use of pesticides is easy to cause drug damage to edible fungi, and the cultivation cycle of edible fungi is short, especially when pesticides are used in the mushroom stage, pesticides are easy to remain in the fruiting body. Direct consumption is harmful to human health. Therefore, the use of chemicals should be reduced as much as possible.

Using medicine to control insects is an emergency measure, sometimes it must be sprayed, but be sure to pick all the mushrooms before using the medicine. Mushroom room occurrence of eye mushroom mosquitoes, fecal mosquitoes can spray 500 times trichlorfon. If gall mosquitoes occur greatly, spraying 500 times phoxim or dimethoate can get a certain effect. When the damage of jumping insects is serious, spraying 500 times dichlorvos is very effective, but it should be noted that Pleurotus ostreatus is very sensitive to dichlorvos, and drug damage may occur when the concentration is slightly higher. Using aluminum phosphide to fumigate mushroom pests, according to many experiments, 3 tablets (9.9 grams) per cubic meter have good control effect on mushroom mosquitoes, fungus mosquitoes, fecal mosquitoes, jumpers and slugs, but 10 tablets (33 grams) per cubic meter are needed for gall mosquitoes. The control effect is ideal. Aluminum phosphide decomposes after absorbing water in the air and releases phosphine, which has strong penetrating power and can kill pests on the surface and inside of the fungus, but has no effect on the growth of mycelium and fruiting body, and there is no residual poison in the mushroom body. during fumigation, the mushroom room should be sealed, and the operator should wear a gas mask, which must be carried out in accordance with the regulations. after fumigation, the mushroom room should be sealed for 48 hours and then ventilated for 2-3 hours in order to avoid poisoning.