Prevention and Control of Diseases in protected Land of herbaceous Flower Tangchangpu and explore High-yield cultivation techniques of Edible Fungi

Tang Changpu, also known as Ten brocade, is a perennial bulbous flower of the genus Tangchangpu of Iridaceae. One of the five largest cut flowers in the world, often used as ornaments such as baskets, bouquets and vases, growers have high economic benefits. In protected cultivation. The occurrence of diseases will affect the normal growth of plants and reduce the quality and ornamental of cut flowers. When it is serious, it can cause devastating harm. Controlling the occurrence and development of Tangchangpu disease is the first problem that cut flower producers should consider.

1. Seedling quenching disease of Tang Changpu

1. Symptoms

The disease occurs in the early stage and can cause rotten seeds. When the disease occurs in the seedling stage, water festering spots occur at the base of the stem of the plant. The spot is light brown, slightly constricted, and can expand rapidly, making the young stem gradually constricted into a linear shape. The disease develops rapidly, and when the young leaves are still green, the seedlings wilt and lodge, so it is called sudden fall disease. Finally, the diseased seedlings rot or dry up. When the seedbed is wet, the white cotton-like mycelium grows on the soil surface of the disease and its vicinity.

2. Morbidity regularity

The sudden fall disease is mainly caused by melon and fruit mold. The pathogen overwinters in the soil or on the diseased remains with oospores and mycelia. Can survive in the soil for many years. When the conditions are suitable, the pathogen germinates and invades directly from the base of Tang Changpu seedlings or from the wound.

Germs are spread by irrigation water, soil, manure and operating tools. The disease was serious when the soil temperature was 12-23 ℃. Therefore, the occurrence of low temperature during the seedling period will aggravate the degree of disease. High humidity is beneficial to the germination and invasion of bacteria. When the nutrient is insufficient, the seedling growth is not strong, the light is insufficient, and the degree of cork of young stem is low, the seedling is susceptible to disease. In addition, improper sowing time, over-dense sowing, untimely seedling separation and interseedling, improper ventilation and watering, and heavy soil quality. Low-lying water, the application of compost mixed with diseased remains after high temperature ripening, and continuous cropping will aggravate the occurrence of quenching disease.

3. Prevention and control methods

(1) make a good seedbed. The plots with higher topography, lower groundwater level, good drainage, non-sticky weight, free of bacteria or less bacteria were selected as seedbeds. Do not use the old seedbed soil. The soil of the seedbed should be carefully cultivated and net fertilizer should be applied.

(2) disinfect the soil of the seedbed. Fumigate with formalin, that is, 3 weeks before sowing. Rake loose the surface of the soil, use 40 ml of medicine solution per square meter of seedling bed, spray water 60 times 100 times (that is, add water 2400-4000 ml), and then cover it tightly with plastic film. The film was uncovered 1 week later. Rake the soil and let the medicine volatilize fully. The seeds will be sown in two weeks. Soil disinfection can also use five-generation mixture, that is, pentachloronitrobenzene and Dyson zinc are mixed according to lvl, with a mixture of 8 ~ 10 grams per square meter and 15 kilograms of fine soil. Make it into medicinal soil. When sowing, sprinkle 1paw 3 medicinal soil on the seedling bed or cover the bottom in the sowing ditch, then cover the seed with 2p3 medicinal soil, and finally cover the soil. After the cover is finished, the soil surface should be sprinkled with water to keep the soil moist to avoid drug damage. Disinfection of diseased soil, except for the use of five-generation mixture. You can also use 50% carbendazim, or 50% thiram, or 50% topiramate, or Wufu mixture (pentachloronitrobenzene and thiram are mixed at 1:1).

(3) raise seedlings well. Moderate budding. The sowing density should be suitable. Flowers that like high temperature and low temperature should be raised separately.

(4) do a good job of heat preservation and humidity reduction in the seedling room. To prevent cold wind from blowing in, the temperature in the room should be controlled at 20: 30 ℃. The ground temperature is kept above 16 ℃. Flood is avoided in seedbed management. Pay attention to ventilation and reduce humidity. Enhance the light and promote the growth of seedlings.

(5) Pesticide control. At the initial stage of the disease, 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 600 times liquid, or 64% disinfectant alum wettable powder 300 times liquid, or 25% alum wettable powder 600 times liquid, or 40% aluminum ethyl phosphate (Phytophthora) wettable powder 300 times liquid. Emphasis should be placed on spraying the base of tender stems of seedlings. You can also use 45% chlorothalonil smoke remover to smoke. The dosage is 250 grams per mu, and the closed nursery is sterilized after igniting.

2. Botrytis cinerea in Tang Changpu

1. Symptoms

The disease can harm leaves, pedicels, petals, stem bases and bulbs. Rusty brown spots appeared in the early stage of leaf damage, which enlarged into nearly round grayish brown or brown spots. A gray mildew layer occurs on the disease spot when it is damp. Pedicel damage at the initial stage of light brown water stains, and then expand to produce brown soft rot. Petals are susceptible to disease. when cold and wet, the petals are sticky and rotten, with a gray mildew layer on them. Stem rot occurs after the damage to the stem base. When the stem is moist, the base of the stem is brown and soft, and the plant loses and dies. Grey mold conductors and sclerotia were produced in the diseased tissue. The pathogen infected the bulb, showing round brown spots and expanding inward. Cause some or all of the central part of the corm to rot, leaving only the outer skin. Spongy rot can occur in the corm, and black sclerotia can be seen when the skin is peeled off.

2. Morbidity regularity

It is mainly caused by Botrytis cinerea in Tangchangpu. The pathogen overwinters mainly through sclerotia. Cold climate and high humidity are conducive to the occurrence of diseases, and the disease occurs quickly when there are water droplets on leaves and flowers.

3. Prevention and control methods

(1) Horticultural management. Implement crop rotation when planting, disinfect potted soil when potted, do not get too wet, do not accumulate water when planting, pull out diseased plants in time, remove ears of presbyopia and burn them centrally.

When the weather was dry, the bulbs were dug up and treated at 30 ℃ for 7~l0 days. After the bulbs were fully dried, the temperature and relative humidity were controlled at-8 ℃ and 70% respectively.

(2) seed ball treatment. The bulb with primary disease was selected as the seed bulb when planting. The suspected diseased bulbs were treated with liquid medicine at 46 ℃, that is, they were treated in 1000 times of 50% Sukelin wet powder for 2O~30 minutes.

(3) Pesticide control. At the initial stage of the disease, 50% Sukeling wettable powder was sprayed with 1000~15O0 solution, or 40% Sclerotinia Rhizoctonia wettable powder was sprayed with 600x solution. Or 80% Dysen zinc wettable powder 600 × 800 times. Or 1000 times of 50% clonitramine, once every 7 murals for 10 days, 3 times for 4 times. It can also be drenched with 30% soil bacteria water absorbent before and after planting.

Third, Tang Changpu Fusarium wilt

1. Symptom

Also known as dry rot. After infection, the growth of the diseased plant was blocked and withered, and the disease spot on the corm mostly occurred in the lower half. The disease spot is light brown, water-stained, and mostly irregular. The lesion is sunken and annular atrophy. During the storage period, the disease spot enlarged and the corm rotted. The etiological symptoms can be divided into vascular bundle discoloration type, brown rot type and chassis dry rot type.

two。 Morbidity regularity

The main pathogen of Fusarium wilt is Fusarium oxysporum Tang Changpu. The bacteria are soil habitual bacteria. Can survive in the soil for many years. Spread by soil and diseased corms, it invades from the root neck and extends to the whole plant. When the conditions are right. The germs enter the vascular bundle. Causing discoloration of vascular bundles. The disease occurs when continuous cropping, planting diseased bulbs and applying too much nitrogen fertilizer. When stored in the cellar, the corms were not fully dried, and the high temperature and humidity during storage were beneficial to the occurrence of the disease.

3. Prevention and cure method

(1) strengthen cultivation management. The land for planting Tangchangpu should have deep soil layer, rich organic matter and fertile soil. Apply enough organic fertilizer before planting.

To avoid continuous cropping on diseased soil, it is best to practice rotation for more than 6 years, change the cultivated soil, or disinfect the soil with medicine or high temperature. Disinfectant can choose 95% dimethylethasone soluble powder. Or 70% chlorothalonil soluble powder. Strengthen fertilizer and water management, avoid excessive nitrogen fertilizer and soil water.

(2) seed ball treatment. Disease-free bulbs were selected as seed bulbs. Seed balls were disinfected before planting. Use 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500 times solution. Or 64% disinfectant alum wettable powder 400% 500 times solution, soak for 30 minutes. Then mix the seeds with Fumishuang. It can also be sprayed on the surface of the bulb with 1000 times of antibiotic 401, or soaked in 0.1% mercury solution for 3 minutes, then rinsed with clean water, dried and planted.

(3) pre-storage treatment. Choose to harvest bulbs on a sunny day. Avoid causing wounds when digging bulbs. Before storage, the diseased corms should be removed and placed under the dry condition of 30 ℃. Treat 1O~l5 days to promote wound healing and make the bulbs fully dry. The temperature was controlled at 5: 11 ℃ during storage. The relative humidity is below 70%.

(4) Pesticide control. In the early stage of the disease, 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500~l000 solution or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder solution was sprayed on the stem base and the soil and leaves near the stem base. Or 1000 times the solution of 70% methyl topiramate wettable powder. Can inhibit the spread of the disease.