Broccoli high-quality high-yield cultivation techniques, edible fungi fertilization techniques

Broccoli, also known as broccoli, is a famous vegetable introduced from abroad at the end of 1980s. Broccoli contains glucosinolates, long-term consumption can reduce the incidence of breast cancer, rectal cancer and gastric cancer, but also regulate and prevent hypertension and heart disease, but also effectively control the condition of diabetes. It is a kind of famous and special vegetable which is very popular in the international market, and it is a kind of nutrition and health care high-grade vegetable with great development prospect. Rugao is the main production base of broccoli in our province, which is mainly used for processing and export to Japan and other countries with high economic benefits. The main points of cultivation techniques are introduced as follows:

1. Selection of varieties and determination of sowing date

Broccoli is suitable for growing in cool climate, and Rugao can only be cultivated in autumn and winter. Broccoli in Rugao is generally used for processing and export, which requires tight bouquet, dark green color, small and medium-sized grains, middle and late maturity, high yield and relatively long harvest time, so it is convenient for the factory to arrange production. According to this requirement, in recent years, the future, excellent and other precocious and heat-resistant varieties are mainly selected, which are transplanted to harvest within 65-75 days, sown from late July to early August, planted from late August to early September, and harvested from the end of October to November.

2. The selection of fields.

Select fields with good drainage and irrigation conditions and the previous crop is not Cruciferae (Chinese cabbage, cabbage, cauliflower, radish) as seedling land and transplanting land.

3. Raising seedlings

As broccoli seedlings are in summer or early autumn, it is necessary to overcome unfavorable factors such as high temperature, heavy rain and many insect pests, so broccoli seedlings should be raised in greenhouse with good ventilation, good drainage, shading and rainstorm prevention.

After sowing, the seedling bed was timely covered with plastic film to preserve soil moisture, the film was covered with sunshade net to cool down, the greenhouse was covered with top film, and the top film was covered with sunshade net, and the temperature in the greenhouse was controlled at about 25 ℃. Check seedling emergence 2 days after sowing, and remove the plastic film and sunshade net from the seedling bed in the evening when about 70% of the seedlings have emerged.

Seedbed management does not water before breaking the heart to prevent the Hypocotyl from being too high to form tall seedlings. The seedling stage is no more than 25-30 days.

The main diseases in seedling stage are: quenching disease and blight disease. The control method is that after the seedlings arch the soil,

Use 75% chlorothalonil 500 times or 50% carbendazim 500 times alternately for 2-3 times.

4. Apply sufficient base fertilizer and plant closely in a reasonable way.

Before planting, 100-200 piculs of rotten organic fertilizer, 50 kg of high concentration compound fertilizer and about 0.8kg of boron fertilizer were applied per mu. Without boron fertilizer, the bulb is easy to be hollow, and it can also be sprayed on the leaves of 10-12 leaves during the vigorous growth period. Then ploughing and turning to make beds, using high ridge double rows, ridge width of 1.0m, plant spacing of about 40cm, planting 2700-3000 plants per mu. Immediately after planting, pour the root water.

5. Field management

Broccoli likes fertilizer and water, and topdressing and watering by stages is the key to high quality and high yield.

Fertilizer management needs adequate nutrition in the whole growth process, especially before budding, the formation of sufficient nutrients is the key to achieve high yield and improve the qualified rate, otherwise the flower bulb is loose. Fertilization principle "light application of seedling fertilizer, application of sufficient fertilizer, skillful application of expansion fertilizer". Under the premise of sufficient basal fertilizer, topdressing was divided into three times, that is, topdressing seedling fertilizer 7-10 days after planting, applying urea 5kg per mu plus dilute mature human feces and urine 100kg. Apply fertilizer for 10-12 slices, 15 kg urea per mu and 10 kg high concentration compound fertilizer per mu. At the budding stage, when the bud is the size of a ping-pong ball, apply inflated fertilizer and 5 kg urea per mu.

Moisture management has relatively strict requirements for moisture, which is neither resistant to waterlogging nor drought. Water management should be carried out according to the field soil moisture, irrigation and drainage. During the high temperature period in summer and autumn, horse water should be irrigated after dusk, and there should be no stagnant water in the field the next day. Pay attention to timely drainage, ploughing and soil cultivation after rain, so as to increase the air permeability of soil and promote the development of root system.

The disease resistance of broccoli is strong in the control of diseases and insect pests, and the disease is rare in normal years. However, the planting is too dense, continuous rain, poor drainage in the field, black rot, root rot, downy mildew and other diseases will occur. The disease is mainly prevented. In addition to strengthening the moisture management, the lower diseased leaves should be removed in the later growth stage to improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions. Spray control of downy mildew with 72.2% aldicarb 600 times or 75% chlorothalonil 500 times every 10-15 days after 15 days of planting. 72% agricultural streptomycin 3000-fold solution or 77% 1500-fold wettable powder can be used alternately for 2-3 times to control root rot. The main pests are Pieris rapae, Plutella xylostella, aphids, Spodoptera litura and so on. 2.5% vegetable Xi 1000 times solution, or 5% Regent 1500 times solution, or 0.3% matrine 3000 times solution can be used to control Pieris rapae and Plutella xylostella. Aphids can be controlled with 2000 times of imidacloprid or 2000-3000 times of aldicarb. Spodoptera litura can be controlled with 2000-3000 times of Yitaibao.

The phenomena of "early flower", "blue flower", "hairy flower" and "purple flower" sometimes appear in cultivation. "early flowering" is the lack of vegetative growth of the plant, such as long seedling age, lack of nitrogen fertilizer and so on will lead to the early formation of rosette. The green bracts or sepals grow protruding on the flower branches on the surface of the flower ball, showing as "blue and white". The top part of the flower branch of the flower ball, the style or filament of the flower organ is not sequentially elongated as "hairy flower". Most of the hairy flowers are prone to sudden cooling, heating up or heavy fog when the bulb is about to mature. "Zihua" means that when the bulb is about to mature, the glycosides are transformed into anthocyanins (related to the variety) at a sudden low temperature, and the varieties with purple Hypocotyl of seedlings are easy to occur.

6. The purchase standard of general fresh-keeping export bouquet: the weight of single bulb is about 250g, the diameter of bulb is 11-14cm, the height of bulb is 10-13cm, the stem is not hollow, the surface of bouquet is compact and round, without concave and convex, without disease spot, and the color and luster of grain is consistent. Therefore, when the bouquet reaches the standard on time, the sales will be harvested in time. Harvest is in the form of batch harvest, one is harvested when mature, and usually ends around 9: 00 in the morning. When harvesting, it is cut flat together with the tender stems growing around the ball 15cm, and then 2-3 leaflets around the bouquet are retained, the rest of the leaves are removed and put into a special box for transportation and sales. (specifically according to the requirements of the factory.) When packing, it should be neatly arranged and not squeezed. Do not pile up for too long after harvest to prevent yellowing and loss of water. The measures of "quick cooling and high humidity" should be given immediately after the product is harvested. That is, after slightly finishing the products after harvest, the products are immediately precooled-soaked in 0 ℃ flowing cold water-and stored in a low temperature and high humidity environment of 0 ℃ and relative humidity of 95% and 100%. With this method, it can be kept fresh for 8-10 days.