Understanding how to cultivate edible fungi, soil testing and formula fertilization has good benefits in growing broccoli.

Broccoli is a new vegetable variety promoted in Guigang in recent years. It has rich nutrition, good flavor and anti-cancer effect. It has the characteristics of robust growth light diseases and insect pests two crops a year and remarkable economic benefits. In popularizing new varieties, vegetable farmers should apply the method of soil testing and formula fertilization to correctly master the techniques of cultivating broccoli seedlings, planting, field management, pest control and so on.

1. Raising seedlings

1.1 Seedling raising time

The seedlings of spring stubble were raised in open field, small arch shed and hole tray in the middle of March, and in the middle of June in autumn.

1.2 Variety selection

According to the cultivation season, the resistant varieties suitable for local cultivation should be selected, such as exuberant plant growth, dark green buds, few burnt buds, round flower heads, few lateral buds, large flower heads, disease resistance, heat resistance and cold tolerance. excellent varieties of broccoli with wide adaptability, such as Yuguan, Wanlu, Longlu, landscape and so on.

1.3 Seedling bed preparation

Choose the fertile garden soil which has not planted cruciferous vegetables in recent years as the seedbed. 7-10 days before sowing, moderate rotary ploughing and drying the soil, applying fertilizer card according to the soil test, applying rotten sifted organic fertilizer 15kg, potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 30g per 1 square meter seedling bed, and using 50% topzine or 50% carbendazim and 5% fipronil 1500 times liquid and other agents to prevent underground pests, ensure the adequate supply of nutrients at the seedling stage, level the border surface, and prepare for sowing. Preparation of nutritious soil before sowing: 50% carbendazim wettable powder can be used to sift the fine soil and mix. When sowing, 2 beat 3 is spread on the bed and 1 hand 3 is covered on the seed. A nursery bed of 10 square meters is needed per mu of field.

1.4 sowing

The seeds were disinfected before sowing, that is, the seeds were treated with 0.4% of the amount of carbendazim wettable powder before sowing, or the seeds could be soaked in warm water for 3 to 4 hours, the amount of water used for soaking was 3 to 4 times that of the seeds, and the seeds could be sowed for 24 hours after soaking. Before sowing, the seedling bed was watered once, the treated seeds were mixed with an appropriate amount of sand, and then sowed evenly in the seedling bed, covered with fine soil, then moderately suppressed with a shovel, and a double-layer sunshade net was laid to protect moisture and cool down seedlings.

1.5 Seedling stage management

It is not suitable to water more after seedling emergence, otherwise it is very easy to cause seedling growth and quenching disease. The most suitable growth temperature at seedling stage is 15-20 ℃. When the seedlings grew to 1-2 true leaves, the interseedlings grew 1-2 times, and the weak and over-dense seedlings were removed. When 2 to 3 true leaves should be divided into seedlings (pseudo-planting) once, sufficient water should be given when dividing seedlings, watering should be carried out according to the dry and wet condition of the soil during the seedling period, and no fertilization should be applied during the seedling period, but it can be fertilized properly according to the seedling condition. topdressing with 0.5% compound fertilizer water or extra-root fertilization with potassium dihydrogen phosphate, Aiduoshou, etc., to promote growth. The seedlings can be planted when the seedlings grow to 4 or 6 true leaves, remove the mulch and refine the seedlings 5-7 days before planting, and pour the seedling bed thoroughly the night before the seedlings, which is beneficial to take the soil and pull up the seedlings.

two。 Colonization

2.1 planting period

It is generally planted about 1 month after sowing and when it grows to 4 or 6 true leaves.

2.2 soil preparation and fertilization, planting on loam and sandy loam with good drainage and irrigation, deep plough layer, loose and fertile soil, strong water and fertility conservation, and timely removal of field residual branches and weeds 3-5 days before planting. 1200 kg of rotten organic fertilizer, 1 kg of boron fertilizer, 40 kg of imported compound fertilizer or 70 kg of special fertilizer for vegetables were applied per mu, and the base fertilizer was mixed and rotated in the tillage layer, and the border was leveled after deep turning. The border is 1.3 to 1.5 meters wide (including trench), with small high ridges of 15 cm high. Double row planting, row spacing 50 cm 60 cm, plant spacing 40 cm 50 cm, planting 2300 plants per mu.

3. Field Management 3.1 topdressing

According to the law of fertilizer requirement for broccoli and combined with soil testing formula technology, topdressing is generally required for 2 or 3 times in addition to sufficient base fertilizer. The first topdressing was 10 days after planting, urea 10~15kg was applied per mu, followed by watering to wet the soil, which was beneficial to plant absorption and early seedling closure, while the second topdressing applied high quality compound fertilizer 25~30kg and potassium chloride 5~10kg per mu when the bud diameter was 2~3cm. At the beginning of the budding stage, topdressing the third fertilizer, using potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 30kg per mu, combined with 0.1% boron fertilizer sprayed outside the root twice, in order to improve the quality of the flower head and reduce the occurrence of yellow buds and banana buds.

3.2 watering

Broccoli has a high requirement for moisture. It should be watered well after planting, and should be watered in time after each topdressing. After rosette stage, the amount of evaporation on the leaf surface is large, so the amount of water should be increased appropriately. The principle of keeping the soil moist in the field during budding period should be stopped 7 days before harvest.

3.3 removal of lateral branches

After slow seedling, lateral buds begin to grow in the axils of broccoli, which should be removed in time to prevent nutritional loss, especially in the squatting seedling stage and lotus sitting stage, which are also the peak period of lateral branch growth, usually 1-2 cm long, and the earlier the lateral branches are removed, the better. however, in order to harvest the second to third harvest, when the main flower bulb just appears, 3 or 5 strong lateral branches can be retained in the middle and upper part of the main flower bulb to form lateral flower heads. 7-10 days before the main flower ball harvest, a proper amount of topdressing was carried out combined with watering in order to harvest larger lateral flower heads, prolong the harvest time and increase the yield.

3.4 harvesting

When the top bud ball has been fully expanded, the flower bud is neat, the color is the same, the whole flower ball is still tight and intact, and the bright green is the suitable time for harvest. The harvest period of broccoli is very short and must be harvested in time. If the harvest is too early, the bud ball has not fully developed and grown, resulting in a decrease in yield; if the harvest is too late, the bud ball has been loose, the sphere is uneven, and the buds are coarse and loose, and even reveal yellow petals, the freshness will decline rapidly, and the quality will become worse, so as to reduce the commodity value. Cut off at 10 cm of the top bud ball and stem during harvest, remove the outer petiole (2 leaflets can be retained), and then pack and ship to the market for sale. After soil testing, the yield of broccoli planted with formula technology has increased by nearly 20%, and the quality has also improved. The output value has increased from about 4000 yuan per mu to about 8000 yuan now.

4. Pest control 4.1 Pest control

The main pests of broccoli are Plutella xylostella, cabbage insects, aphids and so on. The control methods are rational layout, avoiding long-term continuous cropping of cruciferous vegetables and removing residual plants in the field. Biological control uses black light to trap and kill adults, yellow board to trap aphids, and chemical control uses 5% chrysanthemum fat EC 1000 times liquid, BT powder wettable powder 1000 times liquid spray, Aifudin and other pesticide spray brakes. A small amount of washing powder can be added to the medicine. If the leafhopper is in full bloom, the powder of leafhopper powder should be used.

4.2 Disease control

Disease types: mainly downy mildew, soft rot, sudden fall, blight, black spot, bacterial black rot and so on. Control methods: select the varieties with strong disease resistance, turn the soil deeply and apply appropriate amount of lime to improve the soil. 70% mancozeb wettable powder 600 × 800 times, or metalaxyl 400 × 600 times, or 72% agricultural streptomycin wettable powder 3000 × 4000 times, or neophytomycin 4000 times, etc., were sprayed alternately or mixed. Spray 2 times in a row for 3 times.