High-yield cultivation techniques of broccoli in autumn and topdressing methods of edible fungi

Broccoli is rich in nutrition, containing protein, sugar, fat, vitamins and carotene, ranking first among similar vegetables and known as the "vegetable crown". According to the different cultivation seasons, broccoli can be divided into autumn and winter (sowing in summer and autumn, harvest in winter and spring) and spring broccoli (sowing in winter and spring, harvest in spring and summer). Next, Xiaoya introduces the high-yield cultivation techniques of broccoli in autumn. 1 cultivation season

The open-field cultivation of broccoli in Beijing is divided into spring and autumn, which is cultivated in solar greenhouse in mid-February, planted in early April, harvested from the end of May to early June, planted in the first and middle of July in autumn, planted in the first and middle of August, and harvested in mid-late October.

2Variety selection

The climate of spring cultivation is characterized by low temperature in seedling stage and rapid increase in late growth stage, while that in autumn cultivation is characterized by high temperature in seedling stage and lower and lower temperature in later growth stage. Therefore, mid-precocious varieties with strong adaptability, cold tolerance, heat resistance, strong disease resistance, compact plant type and compact flower head should be selected, such as Datura mandala, excellent, Lvling and so on.

(3) cultivate strong seedlings

3.1 preparation of nutritious soil

The peat and vermiculite were mixed according to the volume ratio of 2 ∶ 1, and the seedling substrate was prepared by using 128hole plastic hole tray to raise seedlings. Each cubic meter of medium was mixed with high efficiency organic fertilizer 20kg. The humidity of the matrix is controlled at 70%, which is based on the principle that the water is just out of the water by hand. Domestic peat should be sprayed with 75% carbendazim wettable powder 800 times before use.

3.2 loading plate, pressing hole

The substrate should be installed in a clean environment, and the excess matrix should be scraped off with a scraper, and every 10 piles should be staggered and stacked together to press holes with a depth of 1~1.5cm.

3.3 sowing

Sow 1 seed in each hole and place it in the center of the hole. After sowing, cover the cave plate with a mixture of vermiculite and perlite in the proportion of 1 ∶ 1. Carefully scrape off the excess matrix. In the process of operation, the matrix should be pressed so that the seed is in close contact with the substrate and drenched with clean water. In order to reduce water evaporation and heat preservation, the hole plate can be covered with a layer of non-woven cloth or plastic film to ensure that the seeds emerge neatly and consistently.

3.4 Seedling stage management

3.4.1 temperature management

The main method of raising seedlings in solar greenhouse in spring is heat preservation, and the planting technology of broccoli in greenhouse plus buckle small arch shed or laying ground hotline can be adopted to increase the temperature; in summer, the seedling can be cooled mainly by covering sunshade net or spray. From sowing to seedling stage, the temperature was kept at 25: 30 ℃; after seedling emergence, the temperature was controlled at 20: 25 ℃ in daytime and 12: 15 ℃ at night, and the temperature was reduced to about 20 ℃ 7 days before planting.

3.4.2 humidity management

From sowing to the seedling stage, the humidity is kept at 90%; after the seedlings are complete, the humidity is controlled at 60% to 75%.

3.4.3 Fertilizer and Water Management

Generally, one week after emergence, the cotyledons fully unfolded, combined with irrigation for topdressing. When 50 g of ternary compound fertilizer (15-15-15) and 15 g of borax were added per 100 L water, the EC value was controlled at about 0.8 and applied once a week. With the increase of fertilization times, the EC value gradually increased from 0.8 to 2.0.

3.4.4 Disease and pest control

The main diseases in the seedling stage are quenching disease, blight disease and so on. Excessive humidity is easy to cause disease. Generally, 72.2% Prike 800x liquid or 30% carbendazim 1000 times liquid is used to prevent it once a week.

4 colonization

4.1 soil preparation and fertilization

Each 667m2 was sprinkled with fully mature high quality farm manure 2000kg, diammonium phosphate 20kg, potassium sulfate 15kg, and turned deep into 25cm with a rotary tiller to make fertilizer and soil fully mixed, then ridging, ridge height 20cm, large row spacing 90cm, small row spacing 40cm. In order to improve the soil temperature in spring cultivation, black plastic film should be covered in time after ridging.

4.2 colonization

As the climate in Beijing is changeable in spring, the choice of weather when planting is very important. When the minimum temperature is more than 8 ℃ and the minimum temperature of 10cm soil layer is more than 10 ℃ and lasts for more than 5 days, the seedlings can be planted with 4 true leaves. Irrigate and moisten the ridge 3-4 days before planting, and it is best to catch the sunny day just after the cold spell. The seedlings were sprayed with 75% carbendazim and 0.3% borax solution before planting, the distance between the planting plants was 40cm, and the planting water must be thoroughly watered after planting.

5. Field management

The first intermediate ploughing and weeding was carried out 10 days after planting, and then the second intermediate ploughing and weeding was carried out according to the soil condition. when the plants grew up and the leaves sealed the ground, they were no longer intertilled. The first topdressing was carried out about 20 days after planting, and the ternary compound fertilizer 15kg was applied and watered at 667m2 hole. In order to ensure the quality and quality of the flower bulb, all the lateral branches on the plant were removed about 40 days after planting, leaving only one main branch. At present, the second topdressing was carried out after the flower head was irrigated, and the ternary compound fertilizer 15kg was applied to 667m2 to promote the growth of the flower ball.

(6) Disease and pest control

The main pests of broccoli are aphids, Plutella xylostella and cabbage insects. Aphids can be sprayed with 1000 times of 80% imidacloprid water dispersant or 1000 times of 3% acetamiprid EC, and Plutella xylostella and Pieris rapae can be sprayed with 80% imidacloprid water dispersant 1000 times or 10 billion live spores / g BT powder 500 times.

The main diseases are downy mildew, black rot, soft rot and so on. Bacterial black rot and soft rot can be sprayed with 72% of agricultural streptomycin sulfate soluble powder 3000 × 400 times, or neophytomycin 4000 times, or 30% copper oxychloride suspension 300 times 400 times, and fungal diseases such as downy mildew, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, etc. at the initial stage of the disease, 50% carbendazim 500 times or 75% chlorothalonil 600 times 800 times solution can be sprayed once every 7 days for 3 times. Due to the thick waxy layer of broccoli leaves, it is necessary to add spreading agent or 0.1% washing powder every time the leaves are sprayed, and the agents should be used alternately.

7 harvesting

When harvested at the right time, the harvest standard is that the bulb is compact, the bud is not yellowed or necrotic, and the diameter of the bulb is 12~15cm. Cut and harvest from the edge of the bouquet to the main stem of the 15~18cm.