Identification and control of several edible fungi diseases, identification of edible fungi diseases

I. the causes of abnormal mushrooms and the ways to avoid them

It is a common problem that deformed mushrooms decline the product grade, even lose the commodity value, and affect the economic benefits of cultivation. Common malformed mushrooms are: mushroom lid clasping and showing "fist shape"; stalk long and thick, lid small, showing "vase shape"; lid sunken and edge cracked outer roll, showing "broken bowl"; lid narrow and long, showing "ox tongue shape"; lid freckles, showing "hemp shape"; tumour protruding in the lid, showing "bloating belly"; two lids spreading side by side, handle tightly connected, showing "butterfly shape"; lid crooked and uneven, showing "wavy edge". The cover is round, the bacterial fold is tight, showing a "bald" shape; the cover is longitudinally cracked, showing a "mushroom shape"; several mushrooms are symbiotic, showing a "lotus shape"; in addition, the mushroom body is atrophied, the mushroom body is yellowish, and so on. The reason for the occurrence of abnormal Pleurotus ostreatus is that the culture environmental conditions do not adapt to the physiological and biochemical pleas of Pleurotus ostreatus. The key lies in the poor harmony of temperature, humidity, light and gas during the mushroom emergence period, operational errors in management skills, and so on. The following is a specific analysis, and put forward to avoid the occurrence of deformed mushrooms corresponding methods.

one. The structure of shed is unreasonable.

In the existing cultivation occasions of Pleurotus ostreatus (indoor mushroom house and field mushroom shed), many of the construction is crude and the structure is unreasonable. Some mushroom houses have one-way doors and windows, and some vents are opened in the upper half of the wall, resulting in poor indoor air circulation; some plastic sheds have vents on both sides, but vents are facing both ends of the fungus wall; and some certainly have vents, but in order to keep warm, they are never opened. Because the air in the shed is not ventilated, resulting in serious hypoxia, causing the gas-loving Pleurotus ostreatus to become deformed. The ideal mushroom shed should be sitting north to south or west to east. From the point of view of softness and ventilation, the cultivation shed should not be too large, usually a rectangular shed to hold 3000 bags (15 × 8 × 2). 2m) or 5000 bags (25 × 8 × 2). 2m) is suitable. The vents should be arranged below the long sides, bricked into 24 × 24cm caliber, one every 1m, and the openings on both sides of the vents are equal in height, which is beneficial to air convection. The door membrane at both ends of the mushroom shed should be able to open and close, which is conducive to longitudinal air convection; the roof uses no dripping film plus grass curtain or sunshade net.

two. Improper stacking of bacterial wall

Its performance: the bacterial bag into the shed wall is too high, 10 bags 1 yard, more than 1m; some bacterial walls are filled with clayey soil, which is impermeable; some are underwatered and dry after filling; some bacterial walls are palletized too dense and do not fill the soil in the middle; when some are built on the wall, the bag head cuts the film improperly, the part that enters the wall is cut only 1 beat 3 too little, while the exposed end cuts the film, and the mycelium is exposed and does not moisturize. As a result, the growth and development of the fruiting body must be inhibited. For example, in the north, when the soil between the bags is insufficient in moisture, the moisture in the bags is low and dry when heating and budding in the cold winter, and the water content in the bags is absorbed by the fill, so that the mycelium is dehydrated, resulting in the emergence of deformed mushrooms with unextended or shrunken cover.

On the other hand, the clayey soil has poor consolidation and air permeability, which can not regulate the mycelium, but hinder the normal physiological reproduction.

In the mushroom area north of the Yangtze River, the mushroom bag wall is the carrier of Pleurotus ostreatus, which includes two aspects: bacterial bag and soil filling. The goal of filling is to make use of the organic matter in the soil and regulate the temperature and humidity at the same time. The soil can keep warm at low temperature and dissipate heat when the temperature is high, which is not only a mechanism of soil-covering cultivation, but also a current mode of field cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus in greenhouse. In order to achieve timely and good mushroom production, according to the practical experience of large-scale production in Guangshui City, northern Hubei, the "five essentials" must be achieved: ① time must be completed in the first and middle of December after the bacterial bag is physiologically mature, so that it can be transferred to bud acceleration; ② stacking wall should be stable, with 7 layers of bacterial bag palletizing, inclined shape, large bottom and small bottom, suitable for bottom width 120cm, upper width 80cm, wall length 280cm; the distance between bacterial walls should be 60-80cm operation road. ③ membrane cutting should be suitable for the goal of cutting the film from one end to the inside of the bacterial bag, which is to connect the mycelium to the fill, and it is appropriate to cut off 2 and 3; when stacking the wall, the two bags are discharged side by side, and the distance between the bags is 4m 5cm; the exposed end is left with 1. 5-2cm, can not be cut membrane, play the role of mushroom enclosure; ④ fill should be good wall clay is suitable, but the bacteria bag filling should be clay Gaza loam, mixed with 1% lime, compound fertilizer 0. 5% is made into nutritious soil; it is used in two parts, one part is mixed with water into a mud shape for the base bag, the other part is dry mixed to fill the gap between the bags, and then watered; after the ⑤ is filled with soil 3cm at the top of the stomatal wall, it is surrounded with mud to form a water level about the depth of 10cm, and the 3cm is wide and deep every 40-50cm until it is in a position of 3 bags from the bottom of the bacterial wall, which is used as both ventilation and irrigation.

three. Congenital nutritional deficiency

There are four kinds of manifestations: cottonseed hull and wheat bran in ① formula are aged by damp mildew and nutrients are degraded; and the amount of wheat bran containing nitrogen in the formula is too small, and there is no adverse reaction in the early stage of mycelial growth, but it can not meet the plea in the long mushroom stage; ② medium rancidity; water evaporation in ③ bag, mycelium dehydration. These are congenitally malnourished, so the mushrooms produced are covered with thin, wavy edges, or mutant mushrooms with no cover and yellowish color.

The culture material is the medium for the growth and development of the fruiting body of Pleurotus ostreatus, and the quality of the substrate is closely related to the number and quality of Pleurotus ostreatus. To produce more high-quality mushrooms, it is necessary to achieve the "four must": ① raw materials must be fresh and mildew-free before sun exposure sterilization; ② formula must be reasonable. Here we introduce two groups of formulations: cottonseed hull 87%, wheat bran 8%, corn meal 2%, lime powder 3%; sawdust-based formula: broad-leaf trunk sawdust 80%, wheat bran 15%, corn meal 3%, lime powder 2%. Water content is about 60%, pH7-8. five. ③ additives must control the commonly used additives gypsum powder or lime powder, both of which can not only supply calcium, but also play the role of regulating pH. Gypsum powder is calcium sulfate, slightly acidic, used to buffer alkalinity; lime powder is light calcium carbonate, alkaline, used to avoid pH partial acidity. Culture of Pleurotus ostreatus

The pH required for substrate cultivation was 7 Mel 8. 5, belongs to partial alkali. Plus bag-making at the end of autumn, the temperature is high, in order to avoid the rancidity of the culture medium, it is appropriate to use lime powder. According to the green food plea, the additive should not exceed 5% in the formula; ④ fermentation must control the mechanism fermentation is the use of beneficial microorganisms natural catalytic decomposition medium, so as to improve the physical and chemical properties of the matrix, increase effective nutrients, is conducive to mycelial absorption, promote the effective components in the culture material to be transformed into fruiting bodies as much as possible, which is conducive to increase yield. Starter 0 can be added during fermentation. 3%, fermentation time 7 days, turn the pile 3 times and then transfer to bagging, sterilization, cooling and inoculation.

four. The expected date of birth is not controlled.

Often because the grower asks the mushroom heart to cut, the mycelium physiology is not mature enters the artificial bud, causes the premature birth deformity.

Pleurotus ostreatus needs to "grow bacteria in a hundred days and show buds in one day". For this reason, it is necessary to control the "three standards" of physiological maturity of mycelia: the cumulative incubation time of ① bacteria for 90 days from the date of inoculation, the thick white color of the mycelium on the surface of ② exterior bacteria bags, and the firm and elastic feel of ③ matrix, which indicates that the mycelium is physically mature.

five. The skills of inducing buds are not in place.

After physiological maturation of mycelia, low temperature stimulation of 10 ℃ was needed for 15 days, during which temperature difference stimulation of more than 10 ℃ for 7 days was needed to induce primordium to differentiate into mushroom buds. This is a remarkable feature of Pleurotus ostreatus. Growers are often out of control of this unique species, lack of low temperature squatting period, insufficient temperature difference stimulation, and disharmony with physical and chemical pleas during the reproductive period, resulting in the inhibition of fruiting body development and deformation. In early December, when some mushroom friends entered the shed to promote buds, in order to keep warm, they ignored ventilation, and there was a serious lack of oxygen in the shed. As a result, they were full of "fist mushrooms" with stalks as long as 20cm and covers clenched. Low temperature, variable temperature buds must achieve "four cooperation": ① teeth to increase oxygen to untie the bag, loosen the mouth of the bag and twist, let a small amount of air into the bag, but do not open the whole mouth of the bag, in case the bacteria are monotonous; ② scratching bacteria awakens according to the experience of Xinjiang, Beijing, Hebei and other producing areas, after opening the teeth of the bag, use a small iron rake to remove the original bacteria block and around 3. The aged skin of 5cm, but do not scratch the rest. Scratching bacteria is conducive to the early appearance of the primordium, and the mushroom point is located in the center; ③ sprays water in the shed space with a sprayer on a dry and wet alternating sunny day, and the relative humidity pleads 85%; lifting the canopy edge cover film at night to naturally cool down to form dry and wet stimulation; ④ scattering light long mushroom stage, during the day should be the roof grass curtain dilute, spacing 6-10cm, let the sun into. The suitable light intensity is 500-600Lx, but it is necessary to avoid direct light, so as to avoid water evaporation, primordium shrinkage or split into mushroom patterns.

six. Sparse bud did not attract attention.

Some people see mushroom buds growing happily from the sky, knowing that the mushroom buds are too dense, but they are reluctant to take them off. Due to the neglect of sparse buds, mushrooms crowded with each other, so the emergence of butterfly, side

To show a long ox tongue, hunchback mushroom and other forms of variation.

Bud thinning can ensure the shape and quality of products, which is one of the important techniques in cultivation and management. Specific "four entreaties": ① leaves an appropriate amount of buds in each bag, usually 2 per bag, no more than 3 at most. More dispersed nutrition, mushroom body is not thick, but character decline; ② bud selection accurate to silver color, mushroom body straight as the standard, select the good to bad, stay big to small, stay strong to weak, sparse sparse; ③ careful operation with a sharp knife to cut off the excess young buds, can not hurt the retained mushroom body and hyphae; after ④ thinning, the bag mouth film should be straightened, slightly twisted, heat preservation and moisturizing. The temperature is maintained at 13 ℃ 18 ℃, not less than 8 ℃, no more than 20 ℃, and the space relative humidity is 85% Mel. The working path between the bacterial walls has shallow water storage and moisturizing, and should open the vents to keep the air fresh in the shed, and at the same time attract light to increase temperature and promote the development of mushroom buds.

seven. Poor management during the growing mushroom period

After the mushroom bud emerges, it gradually differentiates into a fruiting body. During the period of growing mushroom, the mushroom body is often malformed, side length, or hunchback, or sunken cover, or freckles and pockmarked face, discolored, and harvested out of date, and the mushroom body is too large to meet the grade.

During the period of mushroom production, it is necessary to do a good job in the management of "three harmonies": the period of ① heating and oxygen preservation is blowing north wind and the climate is cold, and the optimum temperature for mushroom production is 13 ℃. In the northern producing areas, in addition to daytime lighting and heat preservation, burning outside the shed and steam heating can be adopted at night. However, it should be noted that ventilation should not be ignored, lest hypoxia lead to deformation of the mushroom body; ② humidification and ventilation are harmonious and the relative humidity of the space during the mushroom growth period is 85%. In the cold winter, it is monotonous and needs to be humidified by spraying water in the space; at the same time, do not spray and close the door water or excessive water, so as to avoid the lack of oxygen in the shed, or the water dripping on the mushroom surface will cause the cover water to concave into a pockmarked face. The harmonious growing period of ③ light introduction and moisturizing needs 500-600Lx of scattered light. The 6-10cm needs to be pulled apart between the grass curtains on the roof to let the sun shine into the shed and create an environment of "three points of yang and seven points of yin". But do not light too strong, so as not to cause water evaporation, mushroom body cracking flowers. Therefore, on a sunny day, the operating path between the fungus walls in the shed should maintain a shallow degree of water storage, so that after the light enters the shed, the water vapor rises and increases the humidity of the space; in the morning and evening, you can spray humidification to the space, but do not spray it on the fruiting body, so as not to cause rotten mushrooms or mushroom covers to turn yellow.