Control methods of Flower Diseases

Flower diseases can be divided into two categories: physiological diseases and infectious diseases. Physiological diseases are caused by unsuitable environmental conditions, and infectious diseases are caused by biological infection. The main organisms that cause flower diseases are fungi, bacteria, viruses and so on.

1. Prevention and control of fungal diseases

Diseases caused by fungal infection are called fungal diseases. Fungal diseases are the largest number of flower diseases, accounting for about 90% of flower diseases.

Flower fungal diseases generally have obvious symptoms, such as powdery matter (white powder, etc.), mildew (black mold, gray mold, Penicillium, green mold, etc.), rust, particulate matter, filamentous matter, nuclear substance and so on. These characteristics are one of the main bases for identifying fungal diseases.

The common fungal diseases of flowers are powdery mildew, anthracnose, gray mold, rust, blight, quenching, black spot, brown spot, root rot, sclerotiorum and so on. This paper mainly introduces four kinds of flower fungal diseases which are the most widely distributed and the most serious.

The main results are as follows: (1) powdery mildew is the most common disease of flowers, which occurs all over the country. It mainly harms rose, plum blossom, peony, peony, chrysanthemum, Dahlia, eight immortal flowers, gardenia, hibiscus, crape myrtle, begonia, inverted golden bell, melon leaf chrysanthemum, impatiens, African chrysanthemum and other flowers.

Powdery mildew often occurs on buds, leaves, shoots, buds and pedicels. At the initial stage of the disease, chlorotic spots appeared in the affected parts, and then gradually turned into white powder spots, and the surface of the disease was covered with a layer of white powdery mildew; in the later stage, the disease spots turned gray, and small black spots were produced on the injured branches. The diseased plant is short, the tender shoot is curved, the leaf is curly and uneven, the flower is few and small, or the flower posture is deformed, or can not open, when the leaf is serious, the leaf curls, dries up, and even the whole plant dies.

The regularity of the disease: the pathogen overwintered on the remnant of the diseased plant with mycelium or conidia, and repeated infection occurred many times in the growing season, especially in summer and autumn.

Prevention and treatment: ① should pay attention to ventilation and remove diseased leaves. ② sprays 20% trimethoprim EC 4000 times, 50% sulfur gel suspension 3000 times, or 50% carbendazim 700 times, once every 10 days for a total of 2 times.

(2) anthrax is a common disease in the north and south of China. It mainly harms orchids, magnolia, Magnolia, camellias, magnolia, plum blossoms, Milan, figs, rubber trees, palms, roses, cacti, peonies, peonies, eight immortals, evergreen, magnolia, jasmine, kumquat, kapok, cockscomb, carnation, day lilies, calendula, winter coral, fish tail sunflower and other flowers.

Anthracnose mainly harms leaves and also infects stems, tender shoots, buds, fruits and other parts. The disease begins at the tip and edge of the leaf. In the early stage of the disease, small round and oval reddish-brown spots appeared on the leaves, and then expanded as brown spots. The center of the spots changed from gray-brown to gray-white, while the edges were purple-brown. Finally, the disease spots turned to black-brown, and there were small black spots arranged in ribs. The leaves withered and died when the disease was serious.

Disease regularity: the pathogen overwintered with mycelium in the host and soil, and the disease began in April, and the peak period was from May to June.

Prevention and treatment: ① pay attention to ventilation. ② sprays 75% chlorothalonil 800x solution, or 50% germicidal gel suspension 800x solution, once every 7 to 10 days, 2 times in a row.

(3) Botrytis cinerea is mainly harmful to peony, peony, cyclamen, begonia, spring of the four seasons, Cuiju, Dahlia, upside down golden bell, pu bao flower, paulownia, calendula, geranium, eight immortal flowers, gardenia, melon and leaf chrysanthemum, gladiolus, rhododendron, rose, rose, camellia, poinsettia, osmanthus, Michelia, golden lotus, lily, tulip and other flowers.

Botrytis cinerea harms the leaves, stems, flowers and fruits of flowers. If the host is different, the location and degree of the victim are also different. Generally, watery spots appear at the initial stage of the disease, and then gradually expand, turning into brown or purplish-brown disease spots, gray or khaki mildew layer appears when wet, and the whole plant dies when the disease is serious.

Disease regularity: the pathogen overwinters in the soil and often occurs in the greenhouse. It is easy to occur when the temperature is too high due to poor ventilation.

Prevention and treatment methods: ① keep indoor ventilation, ventilation, air dry. ② was sprayed with 50% carbendazim 500x solution and 70% topiramate 800x solution, once every 7 to 10 days, 2 times in a row.

Control methods of Flower Diseases and insect pests

Control methods of Flower Diseases and insect pests

The prevention and control of diseases and insect pests in protected fields should carry out the principle of "prevention first and comprehensive control", strengthen artificial control on the basis of horticultural control, give full play to the control role of natural enemies, and carry out comprehensive control of diseases and insect pests combined with chemical control.

The main ways of prevention are as follows: (1) eliminate the source of diseases and insect pests or reduce the occurrence base of diseases and insect pests. For example, plant quarantine is an effective measure to prevent dangerous sexually transmitted diseases and insects from spreading along with seeds and seedlings. Lowering the occurrence base of diseases and insect pests refers to reducing the number of germs and pests overwintering; (2) worsening the environmental conditions for the occurrence and damage of diseases and insect pests is to create or make full use of conditions that are not conducive to diseases and insect pests; (3) to take timely and effective measures to eliminate diseases and insects before a large number of diseases and insects occur and cause significant harm. For example, the rational use of pesticides and the adoption of artificial and physical effective measures.

Comprehensive prevention and control is based on the prevention and control of agricultural technology, according to local and timely conditions, rational use of chemical control, biological control, physical and mechanical control and other measures, give full play to the positive role of various control methods, and make them combine organically and coordinate with each other.

Learn from each other to achieve the goal of economical, simple, safe and effective control and elimination of diseases and insect pests.

Take effective measures to protect flowers from pathogens and pests, control the number of pathogens and pests, improve environmental conditions, make them conducive to the growth and development of flowers, but not conducive to the survival and infection of pathogens and pests, and improve the resistance of flowers to diseases and pests. There are five specific prevention and control methods:

I. Plant quarantine

The frequent exchange and transportation of flower species and varieties between countries or regions has led to the spread of some diseases and insect pests and caused great losses to flower production. Liriomyza huidobrensis and Liriomyza huidobrensis, which are common in China, were introduced into China from abroad in 1994 because of lax quarantine, which caused great losses to the production of flowers and vegetables in our country. Therefore, blind introduction and adjustment should be avoided and quarantine laws and regulations should be strictly enforced.

Plant quarantine includes diseases, insects and weeds, which is a series of legal measures taken by the state to protect agricultural production from foreign dangerous venereal diseases, insects and weeds. According to the laws and regulations, the types of plant products that should be quarantined and the list of diseases, insects and weeds that are prohibited from carrying people and bringing out, quarantine objects are not allowed to be imported or exported, or can be exported or exported only after disinfection and elimination of quarantine objects, in case it spreads and becomes a disaster. Plant quarantine is an important part of the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests, especially when the contemporary means of transportation are very developed and constantly expand exchanges with foreign countries, it is particularly important to strengthen quarantine work. At the same time, the transfer of seeds, seedlings and other cultivation materials between various regions of the country should also be quarantined, and quarantine objects are strictly prohibited from entering new areas.

II. Prevention and treatment of horticulture

The prevention and control method of agricultural technology is to make use of a series of cultivation and management technical measures in the process of flower cultivation to change some environmental conditions purposefully, so that it is not conducive to the occurrence and development of diseases and insects, but is conducive to the growth and development of flowers, so as to avoid or reduce the occurrence of diseases and pests, so as to achieve the purpose of improving the quality of flowers. Since most agricultural measures themselves are a means of high yield of flowers and plants, and there is no need to increase extra manpower and material resources for the prevention and control of diseases and pests, they often kill many birds with one stone and meet the economic requirements. at the same time, agricultural prevention and control has no adverse side effects such as polluting the environment and killing natural enemies. The specific measures of the Agricultural Technology Prevention and Control Law are as follows:

1. Rational fertilization and scientific watering of organic manure should be fully mature. Before application, the pathogens should be mixed with

The pests are completely killed and the pests are prevented from laying eggs on the organic fertilizer after application. When applying inorganic fertilizer, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be reasonable. Instead of partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, appropriate amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied, and formula fertilization should be advocated. Watering method should be appropriate, to avoid spray watering, it is best to adopt ditch irrigation or pouring along the edge of the basin. Water it in moderation. To choose a sunny morning watering, watering should be timely ventilation and dehumidification.

2. Keep the greenhouse and greenhouse clean and hygienic

It is necessary to timely remove the branches and leaves of diseased insects, pull out diseased plants, remove dead branches and fallen leaves, and thoroughly eradicate indoor and outdoor weeds so as to reduce the sources of diseases and insects. The sick and disabled body should be buried or burned.

3. Improve environmental conditions

Should be often ventilated, reduce humidity, in order to reduce the occurrence of high humidity diseases such as Botrytis cinerea on flowers. The planting density and the placement density of flowerpots should be suitable to facilitate ventilation and light transmission among plants and reduce the harm of oysters. Control the temperature well, don't turn hot and cold. Pay special attention to heat preservation in winter and spring, and cover the sunshade net in hot summer. Adjust the light intensity according to the needs of flower growth. Ventilation and cooling can control the development of a variety of diseases, while warm and stuffy shed can control the occurrence of low temperature diseases such as downy mildew.

4. Deep ploughing in winter

In the vast areas of our country, especially in the cold areas, flowers cultivated in open field play a significant role in eliminating pests in winter. Deep ploughing in winter can make most of the larvae, pupae and eggs lurking in the soil be frozen to death on the surface, or pecked by beneficial birds, and can also be artificially killed. Deep ploughing can bury the germs and stubble in the shallow soil into the deep soil layer and make it lose its vitality. at the same time, it can also turn the bacteria originally in the deeper soil layer to the ground and increase death due to the influence of other natural factors, such as light, temperature and humidity.

5. Deal with the injured plant

The residual and damaged plants of annual and biennial grass after flowering should be removed immediately or buried deeply in the soil; perennial roots and woody flowers should be removed and destroyed in time after withering or falling leaves in late autumn. This measure can also reduce the number of some germs and pests.

6. Weeding in time

Weeds not only compete with flowers for nutrients, affect ventilation and light transmission, and make plants grow poorly, but also weeds are breeding places for some germs and pests. Some viral diseases and pests often use weeds as hosts. Weeds are also places where some diseases and insects survive the winter. Therefore, timely removal of weeds is of great significance in the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests.

7. Timely pruning

Combined with flower and tree pruning, diseased buds, diseased branches and diseased roots can be cut off to reduce the number of pathogens, and at the same time, oversummer, overwintering eggs, larvae and adults can be eliminated, and the source of insects can be reduced.

8. Adjust the sowing date

The occurrence of many kinds of diseases and insect pests has a certain onset period and pest occurrence period due to the influence of temperature, humidity and other environmental conditions, and it is the most serious in a certain period, such as early or delayed sowing, we can avoid the disease period and occurrence period and reduce the damage. For example, the green chrysanthemum is the most vulnerable to melon damage at the seedling stage. If it can be sowed earlier, the degree of damage can be reduced. Adjusting the sowing or transplanting period has a certain control effect on pests that occur one generation a year, have a single diet and occur neatly.

9. Rational rotation

Continuous cropping with interstained flowers should be avoided as far as possible, so that pathogens and pests in the soil can not get suitable hosts, so as to reduce the number of pathogens and pests.

10. Scientific harvesting and post-harvest management of corms and other organs in the process of excavation, the wound should be reduced as much as possible, and the disease should be removed in time after digging.

The worm's bulb can be used in the cellar only after it has been fully dried. It causes trauma when digging, which is easy to cause all kinds of mold to invade people. Excessive temperature, high humidity and poor ventilation are the important causes of bulb rot in the storage site. Therefore, we should be careful when digging and try to reduce the wound. The storage cellar should be kept clean and hygiene. after entering the cellar, the pit temperature should be controlled at about 5 degrees Celsius and the relative humidity should be controlled below 70%.

11. Pay attention to the rational arrangement of flower species

According to the characteristics of flower species and site conditions, the flowers are arranged reasonably so that the cultivated flowers can be distributed orderly, dense and moderately, get proper space and proper sunlight, and be in the environment of air poplar, which is beneficial to the growth and development of flowers. it is not conducive to the occurrence of pathogens and pests.

12. Select the breeding materials of healthy disease-free insects

The occurrence of flower virus disease is common, and many breeding materials are infected with virus, so virus-free tissue culture seedlings should be used in production. It is best to establish a disease-free field, collect seeds on healthy mother plants or obtain breeding materials.

13. Breeding and cultivation of varieties resistant to diseases and insect pests

The cultivation of disease-resistant varieties and the cultivation of flowers with strong disease resistance can protect flowers from diseases and insect pests or reduce their harm degree. This is one of the important methods to effectively control flower diseases and insect pests.

III. Biological control law

Biological control is the use of natural enemies to control diseases and insect pests. Natural enemies are creatures that feed on pests or pathogens. Under natural conditions, natural enemies do not exist, controlling the harm of diseases and insect pests, especially insect pests. In the maintenance of flowers, we should consciously strengthen the role of natural enemies, such as the pruned branches with insects after a few days before burning, in order to protect parasitic natural enemies in the insect.

IV. Physical and mechanical prevention and treatment

1. Heat treatment of propagating materials

Soaking seeds or other breeding materials in water at a certain temperature can kill surface and internal pathogens and pests, but be sure to master the temperature and treatment time. Too high temperature and too long treatment time will affect the vitality of seeds and other reproductive materials.

2. Soil heat treatment

If possible, the soil can be treated with hot steam to kill germs, nematodes and pests in the soil. Soil heat treatment should be treated before planting, and the heated soil should reach a certain depth, with a soil temperature of 20 cm deep reaching 75 degrees Celsius.

3. Mechanical barrier

Covering agricultural film can not only block the transmission and spread of germs and pests to a certain extent, but also inhibit the formation of spores of Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

4. Trap and kill insects and nematodes

Use the tendency of insects and nematodes to control pests and nematodes. Such as trapping white whitefly adults with yellow board, killing leaf miner adults with fly trapping paper, and planting trapping plants to trap nematodes, so as to reduce its harm to flowers.

V. Chemical prevention and treatment

Chemical control is chemical control. The utility model has the advantages of good control effect, quick effect, simple use method and so on. But at the same time, it will also pollute the environment and cause drug damage, and germs and pests will develop drug resistance after long-term use. Chemical control is an important part of integrated pest control, but attention should be paid to the scientific use of pesticides.

1. Correct selection of pesticides

Understand the ability of pesticides and the object of protection, and prescribe the right medicine according to the types of diseases and insect pests. For example, the fungicide metalaxyl has a good control effect on downy mildew of all kinds of flowers, but it can not control powdery mildew. The insecticide aldicarb has a good control effect on most financial insects, but it has almost no effect on cotton aphid.

2. Rational selection of dosage forms

Dampness is beneficial to the occurrence of Botrytis cinerea, so the use of Sukeling smoke agent or dust agent has a better control effect on the disease. To control scale, we can apply internal absorption granule and irrigate internal absorption liquid underground to achieve the purpose of underground application to control aboveground pests.

3. Timely use of medicine

It is necessary to fully understand the law of the occurrence of diseases and insect pests, find out the weak links, and use drugs in time. For example, before sowing or transplanting flowers, disinfect the nursery and holding room, treat the soil and seed with chemicals, disinfect agricultural tools and containers such as flowerpots with disinfectants such as formalin. It is the best policy to keep diseases and insects out of the flower bed before doing harm. For example, the elimination of germs and pests on the overwintering host, or in the overwintering stage is a positive approach. For diseases, the favorable time to control is to eliminate the pathogen at the initial stage before it is infected, or before the next spore reproduction and spread. If the drug is applied prematurely, the power of the drug will decompose under the sun, rain and dew, and it will not play its due role; if it is applied too late, the germs will invade people and become "hindsight". To control pests, the drug resistance of different pests or different developmental stages of the same pest should be taken into account. For example, the general pest larvae take the 3rd instar as the dividing line, the drug resistance is poor before the 3rd instar, the drug resistance is significantly increased after the 3rd instar, and the drug resistance of the newly hatched larvae is the lowest. Generally speaking, the resistance of Coleoptera insects to insecticides is egg > pupa > larva > adult, so the favorable period for larval control is generally before the 3rd instar, and adult control is more favorable. However, the control of borer pests is different, generally should be in the peak spawning period.

4. Replacement and mixed use of medicament

Long-term single use of the same pesticide to control diseases and insect pests in the same area may lead to drug resistance in pathogens and pest populations. Therefore, it is advocated that different types of pesticides should be used alternately or mixed reasonably to avoid the emergence of drug resistance.

5. Safe use of drugs to avoid drug damage

Some flowers or some of their growth stages may be sensitive to certain chemicals. In this case, the pesticide should be used with caution. Even if it is not sensitive, it is necessary to strictly control the concentration and dosage, do not increase the concentration and dosage at will, in order to prevent drug damage. If the drug used is a new drug, the concentration and dosage test should be done in a small area first, and only after it is safe can it be used in a larger area. In addition, highly toxic pesticides should be used cautiously, while the use of residual pesticides that seriously pollute the environment and water sources should be restricted or prohibited.

(1) inappropriate dosage.

Too high concentration of pesticide often causes drug damage to flowers, which is the most likely to occur. In order to prevent the occurrence of drug damage, the concentration of the solution should be appropriate. Different pesticides are used on different diseases and insect pests and different kinds of flowers in different seasons, and the concentrations used are different, so they must be prepared strictly according to the concentration specified in the relevant pesticide manual.

(2) different species and varieties of flowers, or flowers of the same variety at different stages of development, have different responses to pesticides.

For example, Bordeaux liquid and other copper-containing fungicides are easy to cause drug damage to peaches and plums; dimethoate emulsions are easy to harm plum blossoms, elm leaves, peaches, peaches and peaches; dichlorvos emulsions are also prone to harm to rhododendron, rhododendron, plum blossoms and so on. The same kind of flowers, generally speaking, young seedlings, tender shoots, tender leaves are easy to produce drug damage. Flowering is more sensitive to chemicals, so spraying during flowering is easy to cause falling flowers and fruits.

(3) the influence of environmental conditions.

The effect of pesticide application at high temperature is good, but if the temperature is too high, it is easy to cause drug damage. For example, the use of stone mixture in summer temperature (more than 30 degrees Celsius), it is very easy to produce drug damage. The effect of humidity on some agents is also obvious, such as arsenic and Bordeaux solution are prone to drug damage under rainy and high humidity conditions. Therefore, the application of medicine should depend on the weather and be used flexibly.

The toxicity of ① to natural enemies after the application of many broad-spectrum pesticides, not only the pests and germs were killed, but also the natural enemies of pests were killed, thus causing the pests to become rampant again. The way to solve it:

Use selective agents. Such as acarate, triclofenac, etc., have no effect on general insect natural enemies (such as ladybugs, aphid flies, predatory mites, Trichogramma, etc.), so using this kind of acaricide to control mites is very safe to natural enemies. Trichlorfon has little toxicity to ladybug, its larvae and eggs, and is safe to parasitoids and cocoon wasps. For example, the lethality of botanical pesticides to natural enemies is mostly small. The application of tobacco water is safe to ladybugs, blind bugs, lacewings, predatory mites, parasitic wasps and so on. Fish rattan essence has little effect on lady beetle adults and parasitic natural enemies.

Choose the appropriate period of application. For example, when parasitic wasps are still in the host, they only kill pests. For example, before the artificial release of natural enemies, the agent with short residual period should be applied, and the natural enemies should be released artificially after the poison effect disappears.

The toxicity of ② to human beings most pesticides have large or small toxicity to human beings and animals, so we must pay attention to the safety of human beings and animals. Before application, on the one hand, we should learn and master the toxicity and matters needing attention of various pesticides, on the other hand, we should do a good job of protection. Do not apply the original medicine or potion to the skin. If you do, rinse immediately with soapy water. Put on a mask when spraying, spray downwind to prevent the liquid from splashing on your face and inhaling poison gas, and do not wipe your eyes when shoving. Wash the tools immediately after use and take good care of them. Wash your hands with soap after each application, just in case. If there are inadvertent symptoms of poisoning, detoxification measures should be taken immediately and sent to the hospital as soon as possible if necessary.

Control methods of Flower Diseases

Flowers (Flower ['flauflowers]; plural: Flowers), which are used to appreciate plants, are abnormal short branches with reproductive function, and there are many kinds of them.

A typical flower bears calyx, petals, and stamens and pistils that produce germ cells on a limited growth axis. Flowers are composed of Corolla, calyx, receptacle and stamens, with a variety of colors, some of which are very gorgeous and fragrant.

There are two kinds of flower diseases: non-communicable diseases and infectious diseases. The main factors for the occurrence of non-communicable diseases are temperature, sunlight, humidity, drought, waterlogging, severe cold, nutrient deficiency or imbalance and mechanical damage. For example, under the hot sun in summer, water-deficient plants wither or partially burn, leaves are scorched, leaves suffer frost damage in winter, acid-loving flowers are irrigated with alkaline water for a long time, resulting in iron deficiency, yellowing, whitening or even drying up leaves, toxic gas pollution in the air, and so on, this kind of disease only affects the injured plant itself and can not be re-infected. Infectious diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses and so on, caused by parasitism of plants, can be cultured and spread rapidly in a suitable environment, resulting in disasters. The main diseases are: black spot, brown spot, anthrax and so on. The prevention and control of black spot can spray 1000 times of carbendazim wettable powder as early as possible. at the same time, strengthen the management of applying more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to improve the disease resistance of the plant. To prevent and cure anthracnose, one hundred and twenty times Bordeaux liquid should be sprayed before germination. In addition, timely removal of withered leaves and residual branches, concentrated burning and reducing the source of infection are effective for the prevention and control of various diseases.