Basic principles of prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests in family potted flowers

The prevention and control of diseases and insect pests should give priority to prevention. Whether it is family indoor cultivation or large-scale productive cultivation, it must be strictly quarantined to put an end to the sources of diseases and insect pests. If diseases and insect pests are found, the principle of "treating small, few, and cured" should be carried out, and should not be treated again when the damage is serious, so as to avoid wasting manpower and material resources and bringing difficulties to prevention and control. Even if it can be cured at this time, the flowers have been damaged.

1. Strict quarantine

When introducing new varieties, pests and diseases are often brought in together. therefore, all kinds of flower seedlings purchased should be strictly inspected, and it is best not to buy flower plants with diseases and insect pests. If you find that the purchased plant has diseases and pests, you should immediately remove the insect body, eggs, leaves and branches with disease, plant and observe separately for a period of time, and then maintain with most flowers when you are sure that there are no diseases and insect pests.

2. Improve the cultivation environment

There are certain external environmental conditions for the occurrence and spread of diseases and insect pests. Therefore, attention should be paid to the improvement of comprehensive conditions, especially cultivation techniques and environmental conditions, in the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests. If the flowers are cultivated well and grow healthily, they will have a strong ability to resist diseases and insects. Improving the cultivation environment can make it not conducive to the survival and occurrence of diseases and insect pests, but suitable for the growth of cultivated flowers. Such as strengthening ventilation and light transmission, timely removal of residual branches and leaves and diseased plants, and so on.

3. Rational use of pesticides

When a large number of diseases and insect pests appear, the most commonly used method is chemical control. Its advantage is that it can kill or restrain a large number of pests and germs in a short time, quickly eliminate the threat of diseases and insect pests, and is relatively simple and easy. However, improper use of pesticides will lead to drug damage, drug resistance and residual poison pollution of diseases and insect pests. In particular, the purpose of growing flowers indoors is to improve people's physical and mental health. Pesticides should be used with special care. If you don't use pesticides, you can only choose non-toxic or low-toxic pesticides when you have to. It is absolutely forbidden to spray toxic pesticides indoors. Flowerpots can be moved outdoors during spraying and then moved back indoors a few hours after spraying. Uncontrolled repeated use of an insecticide will cause resistance to pests, so insecticides should be used in rotation.

The principles of prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests in potted flowers are as follows: first, strengthen quarantine: when introducing flowers, pay attention not to bring back pests and pathogens, which is a major problem in flower production at present. It must be paid enough attention by business departments, flower growers and flower lovers. 2. Protect natural enemies, such as ladybugs, aphids, aphids, Dachiman, etc., as well as various spiders and toads, frogs and beneficial birds on the ground and plants. 3. Light and color trapping: 24 pairs of black lights can be used to trap and kill some phototaxis pests. 4. Heat treatment: if there are acaroid mites that harm the bulbs such as daffodils, tulips and gladiolus, the corms can be treated with hot water and soaked in 44 ℃ water for 4 hours or 45 ℃ hot water for 3 hours to kill all root mites. 5. Manual capture: this method can be used for family flowers. 6. Drug control: common underground pests are: grub (Bombyx mori); control methods: ① poured rhizosphere with 50% phoxim EC 100-1500 times, the mortality rate can reach 100%; 2000 times solution can also reach 98.3%. ② poured the rhizosphere with 1500-2000 times of 50% phosphoramine EC, and the mortality rate could reach 100% x 2500 times. 5%. Ant control method: 70% mirex powder is directly sprinkled on the rhizosphere soil surface of the ant colony, or around the ant nest or ant path, or spread as bait. In addition, the powders such as lindane, chlordane and heptachlor were sprayed on the active soil surface of the ant colony, which also had good results. Snail and slug control methods: ① sprinkled tea cake water (blisters: 1 ∶ 15) or soaked tea cake crumbs around the rhizosphere of damaged flowers; ② sprinkled 8% Mianhuiling granules on the soil around the rhizosphere, effective earthworm control methods: use chlordane, or heptachlor, carbaryl powder (1-1.5g per square meter) or sprinkle tea cake water (bubbles 1 ∶ 15). Malu (mountain beetle) control method: apply the soil surface inside and outside the basin with 25% carbaryl or 25% diazinon, adding 500 times water. Main species and control of leaf-eating pests: control methods of diamondback moth: ① uses parasitoid protector to protect natural enemies. During the emergence period of the diamondback moth (from late May to mid-June), the adults were trapped and killed by black light; before the larvae or larvae were dispersed, 50% pyrethroids were sprayed with 1000-2000 times of pyrethroids, or 1000-2000 times of pyrethroids were sprayed with 50% phoxim or 50% phoxim before the larvae were dispersed. ③ also had a limited good effect when sprayed with Br emulsion containing 10 billion / t spores. The ingredient polyacetaldehyde has good effect. The control method of coir moth (also known as pocket moth): ① protected and used the dominant natural enemy, Drosophila melanogaster, ② used black light to trap and kill male adults, and Br emulsion or Br emulsion or Br-NPV microbial mixture was used to make BBt spores contain 5-10.7NPV particles of 1 × 10.6 per ml. ③ can be efficiently sprayed with 50% phoxim 1000 times solution. The control method of poisonous moth: ① traps and kills the mature larvae with black light during the adult Eclosion period, traps the mature larvae in the main stem of woody flowers before overwintering, and then kills them; ② is sprayed with 50% fenitrothion or 50% phoxim 1000 times, or synthetic fungus esters 1000-2000 times. The main species and control of piercing and sucking mouthparts pests: the control method of peach aphid cotton aphid: ① coated heavy oil area with yellow plastic board in the field. ② protects natural enemies, including parasitic aphids, predatory aphids, ladybugs, pathogenic aphids, molds and other microorganisms. ③ drug control: a, botanical agents: 3% natural pyrethrum, 25% rotenin, 40% nicotinic acid, all of which can be released as 800-fold liquid, which is effective and safe; b, synthetic pyrethroids, such as deltamethrin, cypermethrin, permethrin, etc., most of their effective content is 20%, can add water 2000-3000 times, has a rapid knockdown effect, but easy to produce resistance. C, 40% acephate EC (methamidophos) 1000 times solution, 40% omethoate, good internal conductivity, 2000 times liquid spray, 50-100 times solution coating stem. The control method of red wax scale: ① sprays 40% omethoate or 50% fenitrothion, 50% monocrotophos 1000 times, or 20% fenvalerate 1500-2000 times, spraying every 10 days or so in sunny days from the first ten days of June, the ideal effect can be obtained. ② protects natural enemies, Coccinella Redollis and Coccinella mongolica (the medicine of pink scale, the prevention and control method also refers to the implementation). Main species of drill string pests and their control: control methods of longicorn beetles: ① adults often climb from the crown to the trunk at noon on a sunny day to mate and lay eggs, which is easy to catch. ② is usually in the cortex and twigs because its decay path is not deep. When it is found that there are decay chips, it can be picked to death with a knife. ③ releases swollen Eye Peak, the dominant natural enemy. The base of ④ trunk was painted white (ratio: lime, sulfur, iodine, 10 ∶ 1 salt, water). The control method of bark moth: ① traps and kills adults with black light. ② cut off and collected branches that were broken by the wind and burned in time. ③ was infused with fenitrothion and omethoate. The main types of venereal diseases in plants are: 1. Stunting disease: also known as blight, which mainly harms the seedlings of all kinds of plants. Control methods: ① seed disinfection with 0.3% thiram seed. At the initial stage of the disease, ② tried to spray 50% carbendan 500x solution, or 75% chlorothalonil 800x solution, spray 1-2 times, or 60% carbendazim 500x solution twice a week, each time every 3-4 days, in order to restrain its spread. 2. White silk disease (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum): control method: ① was mixed with 70% pentachloronitrobenzene. ② change soil. ③ rotation for more than 4 years. 50 kg of ④ culture soil was mixed with 0.7 kg Hatz for pot cultivation. ⑤ should be properly ventilated to avoid over-dense cultivation. 3. The control method of powdery mildew: the resistant varieties were used by applying phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in ①. At the initial stage of the onset of ②, 25% trimethoprim wettable powder was sprayed with 2000 times, or 20% trimethoprim emulsion 4000 times, or 70% methyl topiramate 1000 times, and dimethoprim 1000 times. 4. Downy mildew: at the beginning of the disease, spraying 50% Dysen zinc 600 times solution, 20% metalaxyl 400 times solution and 50% bengjing 4000 times solution are effective. 5. Rust control methods: the selection of ① female parent plants; ② spraying 40% trimethoprim 4000 times, or 20% trimethoprim EC 2000 times, or 20% trimethoprim EC 2000 times, or 20% triazine EC 1000 times. 6. Methods for prevention and control of Botrytis cinerea: from March to April, use 80% Dysen Zinc 500x solution, 1% Bordeaux solution, 50% Chloronitramine 1000 times solution, or 75% Chlorothalonil 500% solution, spray once every 10 days, spray 2-3 times. 7, anthrax prevention and control methods: ① to strengthen environmental hygiene and maintenance management; ② can cut off diseased branches and burn diseases and insects, and then spray 1 ∶ 1 ∶ 100 Bordeaux solution to protect and prevent spread, or spray 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500 times, or 50% hand Bujin wettable powder 3-4 times, once every 10-14 days. 8, leaf class disease control methods: ① select disease-resistant varieties; ② can use 75% chlorothalonil, 50% Tosen zinc, 50% dicartan, choose a concentration of 500x solution, spray once in 10 days or so. 9, Fusarium wilt control methods: ① rotation; ② sunny day excavation to select loose sandy soil; before ③ planting, the corms were soaked in 50% carbendazim 500 times solution for half an hour, and then planted with 50% thiram powder. Propagation methods and pest control of potted giant orchid

Today's potted plant knowledge begins, the next article Huinong net editor will bring family potted orchid reproduction and pest control cultivation techniques, florist friends in need can come to reference!

1 reproduction

The conventional propagation of giant orchid is mainly by plant division, and large-scale propagation can be carried out by aseptic sowing.

1.1 Plant division propagation

This method is easy to propagate, and the plants planted in the same year can sprout more false bulbs in the same year. Plant division and propagation are mostly carried out after flowering or before germination in spring. When dividing plants, pour the plants out of the pot first, remove the matrix attached to the roots, separate the pseudobulbs with more buds from the base after exposing the roots, and each cluster should have 3 pseudobulbs. Use a brush dipped in sulfur yellow powder or carbendazim powder to smear the wound to prevent the wound from being infected by germs. New plants should be planted in pots with bark blocks or ceramsite, and placed in a semi-shady, damp place. Spray daily on the leaves to keep the leaves and pseudobulbs from shrinking. Roots should not be watered or fertilized when they are just divided, otherwise they will cause rotten roots. When the new roots grow to 2 ~ 3 cm long, the roots can be watered.

1.2 aseptic seeding

A large number of tissue culture seedlings can be obtained in a short time through aseptic sowing and propagation. When aseptically sowing, the ripe uncracked fruits were disinfected, and then the seeds were spread in the improved KC medium without growth regulators. The seeds could germinate in 30 days, and the tiny protocorms could be seen by naked eyes in 40 days. The germination rate could reach more than 70%. Then transferred to KC+ NAA 0.2mg/ L medium, PLBs began to grow and differentiate into plantlets. Plantlets were transferred to KC+ NAA 0.5mg/L+ banana puree 20g/ L medium for rooting. When the root system of test-tube seedlings grows to 5 ~ 6 cm, it can be transplanted into greenhouse. Before transplanting, in order to improve the survival rate of transplanting, the cultured plantlets should be cultured in natural conditions for about 7 days to improve the adaptability of the plantlets to the environment. After seedling training, gently take out seedlings with tweezers or chopsticks, wash the roots with tap water, soak the washed test-tube seedlings with 0.01% potassium permanganate or 0.1% carbendazim or chlorothalonil for 3 ~ 5 minutes, and plant them into the prepared substrate after drying slightly. Bark, crushed stone and ceramsite volcanic rock with good air permeability are the best substrates. After transplanting, shade properly and strengthen water management, but pay attention to the substrate should not be too wet water, in case of rotten seedlings. The optimum temperature for transplanting was 23℃~ 28℃. After 4 ~ 6 weeks of transplanting, the new buds began to grow. 0.1% urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate could be used as topdressing for roots. At this time, the seedlings could be transferred to normal management.

2 Cultural management

2.1 temperature and ambient

Giant orchid likes warm, humid, semi-shady and ventilated environment, not cold tolerance, the annual growth temperature should be 15℃~ 30℃, winter overwintering temperature should be above 10℃. Because of its strong expansibility, it is not often introduced into cultivation, but it can achieve good ornamental effect in large high temperature greenhouse. Tall species can be grown in gardens in tropical regions. Small species can be planted in pots, but in northern areas it is best to put them indoors with heating facilities in winter and maintain high air humidity.

Giant orchid plants are not resistant to strong light, ventilation and good ventilation are required to prevent overheating from causing adverse effects on plant growth. The more light, the more flowering plants, if the temperature exceeds 30℃, photosynthesis capacity decreases, more than 35℃, plants stop growing, or even enter a semi-dormant state. In large-scale planting, there should be 50% ~ 60% shading in summer, 30% ~ 40% shading in spring and autumn, and no shading or less shading in winter.

2.2 culture substrate

The root system of giant orchid is thick upright root and attached root. When cultivating, the root system is required to be well ventilated. The cultivation substrate must be loose, permeable and breathable. Usually, ceramsite, fern root, bark block, coconut shell, peat soil, broken brick, charcoal, volcanic rock or vermiculite are used as substrate for planting, and can also be attached to trees for planting. The bamboo-stemmed plants can be grown in greenhouses on a substrate of coarse bark and dried cow dung or a similar mixture. If moss and bark pieces are selected for potted flower production, the plant material should be replaced every 1 year, and the best time is when the new buds have not yet grown in spring. When transplanting, pay attention not to hurt the upright roots and attached roots, properly shade after changing pots, and do not need watering within 3 ~ 5 days, only spray a small amount of water on the pot surface and leaf surface every day to keep the plants from shrinking. Only when new roots and sprouts enter normal growth can they enter normal management.

2.3 watering and fertilizing

Giant orchid in spring growth period requires sufficient moisture and high air humidity, otherwise it will affect its growth, relative air humidity maintained at 70% ~ 80% is good, but at the same time to strengthen air circulation. During flowering, keep leaves and flowers dry at night. Summer watering time can be arranged in the morning or evening, and attention should be paid to foliage and environmental spraying. Winter dormancy period, in addition to pay attention to heat preservation, but also should reduce watering, otherwise easy to cause corm rot.

In the process of planting giant orchid, light fertilizer should be applied frequently, and the principle of less quantity, more times and complete nutrition should be adhered to. Fertilization should be carried out in spring, summer and autumn of growth season. Every 7 ~ 15 days, irrigate once with decomposed cake fertilizer diluted 2000~3000 times solution or apply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer diluted 1000~2000 times solution outside roots. Multi-element slow release compound fertilizer granules can also be buried every month. Fertilization should be stopped when the room temperature is higher than 30℃ and lower than 15℃.

3 Pest control

3.1 diseases

There are mainly leaf blight, plague, anthracnose, round spot disease, stem rot disease, coal pollution disease and so on.

1. leaf blight. Damage to plant leaves, early in the leaves appear reddish brown spots, and then extended to semicircular, circular or irregular water-soaked black-brown spots. When the disease occurs at the leaf edge, the disease spot is semicircular, the disease spot is large, and the edge has a black-brown broad band. When the humidity is high, the leaf tissue between the disease spots loses green and turns yellow, resulting in the death of the whole leaf. When the lesion is at the base of the leaf, the leaf dies faster. Prevention and control methods: strengthen conservation management, do not water leaves wet when watering, potted flowers should not be placed too dense. Discovered diseased leaves should be pruned and kept away from other plants to reduce infection. Chemical control can be selected for orchid disease. Bizhi WP 500 ~ 800 times solution or 47% Garinone 800 ~ 1000 times solution or 75% Chlorothalonil WP 1000 times solution, once every 7 ~ 10 days, 3 ~ 4 times continuously.

2. Phytophthora. It can occur all year round, but in the rainy season, when watering is too wet or ventilation is poor, the disease is most serious, especially the seedlings that have just emerged from the bottle are most vulnerable. Brown spots were produced on infected parts, which expanded rapidly under high temperature and humidity, and finally showed black brown spots. The leaves were decayed and the plants died. Prevention and control methods: avoid excessive humidity, improve ventilation conditions, sufficient light. Avoid partial use of nitrogen fertilizer to reduce plant overgrowth and weakness. Once the diseased leaves are found, cut them off in time, treat them with 75% alcohol, and then place them in a dry place. Controlling watering during epidemic period of epidemic mildew can prevent disease from spreading. At the initial stage of disease, spraying 800 ~ 1000 times of 72% Kelu WP, 2000 times of Amisida WP, or 600 ~ 800 times of 72.2% Pulike WP for 3 times every 7 ~ 10 days.

③ Round spot disease. Damage leaves, showing two kinds of symptoms: one is round spots, semi-circular spots on the edge of the leaves, black parts of the disease, the junction of healthy tissues does not change color, and both sides of the leaves are depressed. The other is that the disease center appears on the leaf surface, and the radiation spreads from the central disease spot to the surrounding areas, resulting in many small black brown spots, and the leaf tissue around the disease spot gradually turns yellow. Control methods: strengthen conservation management, pay attention to hygiene, timely cut off diseased leaves, reduce the source of disease. At the early stage of disease, spray 12.5% Guoguang Heisha WP 3000 ~ 4000 times solution, 75% Chlorothalonil WP 800 times solution or 70% Mancozeb WP 800 ~ 1000 times solution once every 7 ~ 10 days for 2 ~ 3 consecutive times.

4. Anthrax. At the beginning of the disease, brown concave spots formed on the leaves, gradually expanding into round or irregular spots, and gangrene occurred in the center of the spots when they were severe. Plants planted too close, poor ventilation, moisture imbalance or injury wounds and other susceptible diseases. Control methods: planting not too dense. Increase lighting, drainage and ventilation should be good. At the early stage of the disease or after cutting off the diseased leaves, spraying drugs in time can be used for prevention and control, such as anthrax, chlorothalonil, thiophanate-methyl, mancozeb and other wettable powders 800 ~ 1000 times solution, once every 10 days, and continuously applied for 3 ~ 4 times.

5. Stem rot. It occurs mostly on the stem nodes of sugarcane giant orchid. It is easy to occur when high temperature and humidity, poor ventilation and excessive nitrogen application occur in spring and summer. Control methods: improve growth conditions, increase ventilation, reduce temperature and humidity. Once it occurs, the infected part should be removed immediately, coated with antibiotic powder, and not watered for 1 week to prevent the spread of the disease. For pesticide control, 72% streptomycin 1000 times solution, 47% ruinong 800 times solution, stone sulfur mixture or bordeaux mixture 500 times solution can be sprayed once a week for 2 ~ 3 times in succession at the initial stage of hair.

6. Coal pollution. It occurs in places with extensive management, poor ventilation and insufficient light. It is damaged by aphids, whiteflies and other pests, causing scale insects on the surface or back of leaves to secrete nectar, affecting photosynthesis and beauty of plants. Prevention and control methods: strengthen maintenance management, pay attention to ventilation. Timely control of scale insects, aphids and whiteflies and other pests. Coal pollution disease can be wiped with a damp cloth to remove surface epiphytic bacteria. Spraying control can be selected by spraying 50% procymidone WP 1000 times, 75% chlorothalonil WP 800 ~ 1000 times, 50% carbendazim WP 500 ~ 800 times or 18% carbendazim copper WP 2000 times, spraying once every week, continuous application of 3 ~ 4 times.

3.2 pest

There are mainly aphids, scale insects, drill moths and snails, slugs and so on.

1 Aphids. It harms the new leaves and inflorescences, affects the growth of plants, induces coal pollution disease, and transmits many viral diseases. Once aphid harm is found, immediately spray 1000 times solution of imidacloprid or 2.5% 2000 ~ 3000 times solution of discide for control. Insect nets can also be installed at greenhouse vents or yellow boards hung indoors to trap winged aphids.

2. Scale insects. It occurs mostly in cultivation places with high humidity, poor ventilation and insufficient sunlight. Scale insects harm a wide range, warm areas in the outdoor, cold areas in the indoor, mostly leaf back and leaf axil damage, so that plant growth is hindered, and induced coal pollution disease, affecting the viewing, serious leaf yellowing, weakening until withered fall. Control methods: improve the environment, strengthen ventilation, prevent dry heat and humidity. When scale insects occur more, you can choose super penetration pesticide to kill scale insects, such as 2.5% scale bidzhi 800 times liquid, Miejie 2000 times liquid, scale dead net 800 ~ 1000 times liquid, scale killer 1000 times liquid, speed kill 2000 ~ 3000 times liquid, etc. comprehensive spraying, leaf front, back should be sprayed, spraying once a week, continuous spraying more than two times.

(3) Drilling moth. Also known as sugarcane flat moth, harm false bulbs or rhizomes, serious when the plant death. Control methods: regular inspection, found pests timely elimination. hang black lights in the greenhouse to trap adults. For pesticide control, 2000 times of 2.5% dichlorvos emulsifiable concentrate or 800 ~ 1000 times of 80% dichlorvos or omethoate can be sprayed or poured.

4. Snails and slugs. It occurs in humid environments, harming new shoots, leaves, roots and flowers, causing nicks or holes. Rainy days during the day, early morning or dusk when the temperature is low will also come out harm. Prevention and control methods: do not accumulate water in the greenhouse for a long time, pay attention to the clean environment. In the early morning and evening, the plants and bottom of the garden are inspected, and crawling snails and slugs are caught and destroyed in a centralized manner. Can also be used to lure cabbage leaves, or in the flowerpot around the spread of the particles or particles of the worm trap. It can also spray 3% quicklime water or ammonia water 100 times in the evening to poison adults and larvae.

The above is all the contents of potted giant orchid cultivation management technology, welcome to Huinong network learning!