Introduction to grafting methods of Fruit trees

Grafting is one of the methods of asexual reproduction of fruit trees, that is, taking branches or buds from excellent varieties of plants to appropriate parts of another plant, so that the two can be combined to generate new plants. Branches or buds attached are called scions or buds, and plants attached to scions or buds are called rootstocks. The new plants propagated by grafting can not only keep the excellent characters of their mother plants, but also utilize the advantageous characteristics of their rootstocks (resistance, adaptability, early fruiting, etc.).

Grafting methods are many, according to scion utilization, bud grafting and branch grafting; according to different grafting positions, root grafting, root grafting, double grafting, ventral grafting, high grafting; from the interface form, there are split grafting, cutting grafting, skin grafting, embedded bud grafting, tongue grafting, etc., but the basic grafting methods are bud grafting and branch grafting.

(1) bud grafting: a culture method using bud pieces as scions, including T-shaped bud grafting and embedded bud grafting square bud grafting.

1,"T" shape bud grafting:

(1)Without xylem "T" shaped bud grafting: generally in scion new shoots stop growing, and rootstock and scion cortex easy to peel off, bud grafting scion should choose full development, bud full new shoots, scion after harvest, leave about 1cm petiole, cut off leaves, to reduce water evaporation, the best with the harvest.

(2)"T" shaped bud grafting with xylem: essentially single bud branch grafting. When the rootstock bud germinates in spring, the scion does not need to seal wax, selects the fully developed lateral bud, cuts the long surface of 3-5cm from top to bottom at the back 1cm above the bud, the lower end gradually points, then cuts the bud with pruning shears, the bud is thick at the top and thin at the bottom, then cuts a T-shaped incision in the cortex of the rootstock smooth place, reaches the xylem deeply, opens the cortex, then inserts the bud into the cortex, and wraps it tightly with plastic strips to expose the bud eye. After 15 days can survive, will bud upper rootstock cut off, promote the bud germination.

2. Inlaid bud grafting: When the rootstock and ear are difficult to peel, the bud grafting is adopted.

Select healthy scion, bevel a knife downward and inward at the position 1 cm above the bud to reach the position 1 cm below the bud, then bevel downward and inward at the position 0.5 cm below the bud to the bottom of the first cutting surface, remove the bud piece, cut into a cut as large as the bud piece with xylem at the smooth position of the rootstock by the same method as cutting the bud piece, remove the cut part of the rootstock,"embed" the bud, align the bud with the rootstock cut, and then tighten it with plastic strips.

3, square bud grafting: mainly used for walnut, persimmon grafting. Cut the bud vertically with a single knife at the left and right sides of the bud, reaching the xylem. The bud piece is 1.5cm wide. Cut off a piece of epidermis at the smooth part of the rootstock with the same method. Put the bud piece into the bud piece quickly to make it align with one side and combine closely. Then use plastic strips to tighten it from bottom to top.

(2) Branch grafting: a cultivation method in which branch segments are scions. Branching season is mostly in the wake of hibernation to rain before and after, rootstock bud began to sprout but not yet germinated. Some tree species to germination to leaf development or later, such as chestnut grafting, walnut grafting or grape green branch grafting. The advantage of branch grafting is that the survival rate is high, and the seedlings grow quickly, but it costs more scions and requires thick rootstocks.

1. Cutting: This method is suitable for thin rootstock, cut the rootstock at the position suitable for grafting, cut the saw flat, then cut the scion vertically at about one third of the cross section of the rootstock, the depth should be slightly less than the large cut surface of the scion, cut the scion into small sections with 2-3 full buds, cut one side of the lower part of the scion into a large inclined plane of about 3 cm (the same side as the terminal bud), and cut the other side into a small cut surface of about 1 cm long. The cut surface must be flat, and quickly cut the scion inward according to the large inclined plane. Insert the small oblique face outward into the incision so that the anvil cambium is tightly attached, and then tie it with plastic tape.

2. Abdominal grafting method: It is mostly used to fill the space of the plant. Generally, it is grafted at the bare part of the branch to increase the number of branches in the bore and supplement the space. When grafting, cut the bark of the rootstock first with a T-shaped incision, deep into the xylem. Cut a triangular or semicircular slope above the transverse incision, so as to facilitate the insertion and strictness of the scion. The incision is generally in a slightly convex place or outside the bend. When the rootstock is upright or thicker, the T-shaped incision is slightly inclined. Abdominal scion should be slightly longer, slightly thicker, slightly curved for the good.

In addition, there are hypodermic ventral and ventral with basal branches, mainly used for chestnut grafting.

(1)Hypodermic abdominal joint: This method is mainly used to fill the branches of the bare belt in the bore of young trees. The specific method is as follows: firstly, thinning the old skin of the rootstock to fresh phloem at the position where the rootstock needs to be supplemented (generally supplementing a branch every 75 cm), then cutting a T-shaped opening, cutting a crescent inclined surface downward to the T-shaped transverse opening to reach the xylem with a grafting knife at the upper end of the transverse incision 1- 2 cm, so as to avoid "pillow" after scion insertion. Scion requires some length, generally about 20cm, it is best to choose curved scion, cut the surface to be 5-8cm long horse ear shape, cut the back to phloem, and then insert the scion into the rootstock, wrap it tightly with plastic strips without exposing the wound.

(2)Belly joint with basal branch: it is actually a new method to improve subcutaneous belly joint. Its advantage is that the natural opening angle of basal angle is large, and there is no need to cut the crescent knife above the rootstock "D" mouth, so there is no need to worry about "pillow". The specific method is to thin the old skin of the rootstock, and the rootstock that has not formed the old skin can be cut directly at the selected position without cutting a "T" shape deep into the xylem. The scion was selected as the branch with two annual branches on the two-year-old mother branch. The branch was cut off at the distance of 3 cm from the annual branch, leaving two annual branches and a biennial basal branch 3 cm long. One annual branch is selected on the branch as scion, and the other branch is cut off at a distance of 2cm from the branch, and the cut branch can be used as scion for grafting, and then the annual branch is cut down to a horse ear shape from the top to the biennial base branch, the annual branch is thick, and the biennial base branch is thin. The annual scion with base branch can be directly inserted into the root stock "T" shaped mouth, wrapped with plastic cloth, high survival rate, high preservation rate.

3. Splitting method: mostly used when the rootstock is thicker. Generally, the developing branches of 1-year-old healthy branches are selected as scions, which are carried out before germination in spring.

4, grafting: also known as subcutaneous grafting, it needs to be carried out under the condition of rootstock bud germination and peeling, insert scion between rootstock section cortex and xylem, depending on the size of section area, can insert multiple scions.

selecting a smooth part of the grafting part of the rootstock to cut, shearing and sawing the cut to be flat so as to facilitate healing, firstly cutting a long cut surface of 3-5cm in length at the lower part of the scion, making the lower end slightly sharp, then lightly peeling at the opposite side of the cut surface, leaving 2-3 buds at the upper part of the scion, and keeping the top bud at the back of the large cut surface, cutting a longitudinal cut slightly shorter than the long cut surface of the scion at the smooth part of the lower surface of the rootstock cut, reaching the xylem deeply, gently pulling up the bark on both sides, then facing the xylem with the long cut surface of the scion, Insert from the middle of the cortex incision, long cut white 0.5 cm, insert 1 rootstock when the diameter of rootstock is more than 2 cm, insert 2 rootstocks when 2- 4 cm, insert 3 rootstocks when 4- 6 cm, insert 4 rootstocks when 6-8cm.

5, tongue: also known as double tongue, when the thickness of the stock is equivalent to the use of this method, in the rootstock cut a long 3.5-4.5cm horse ear shaped surface, in the upper third of the length of the cut surface vertically cut down a long cut of about 2cm, scion and rootstock cut the same method, and then the anvil, ear large, small cut surface alignment inserted until completely matched, two tongues clamped to each other, if the thickness of the stock is not equal, can make one side of the formation layer alignment, and then tightly tied with plastic wrap.

6. Skin cutting and tongue grafting: When grafting, saw off the upper part from the straight part to be grafted. The diameter of the rootstock interface should be more than 3cm. Determine the number of scions inserted according to the thickness of the rootstock. Generally, when the diameter of the rootstock interface reaches 3-4cm, insert 2 scions. The ear length is about 15cm. There should be 2-3 full buds at the upper end of the cutting surface. The inclined surface is long horse ear shape, about 5- 8cm long. Before grafting, the old skin is gently peeled off to expose the new skin according to the shape of the scion's shaved surface at the position to be inserted at the rootstock interface, and the length and width of the shaved surface are slightly larger than that of the scion's shaved surface. Then, the cortex at the front end of the shaved surface of the scion is pinched open, so that the xylem of the scion is slowly inserted between the xylem and phloem of the rootstock. The skin of the scion is placed on the tender skin of the rootstock, and the shaved surface is slightly exposed. Then, the new skin is tied.

7. Bridge method: mainly used for reconstructing and dredging tissues after scraping and treating rot diseases. Bridging method: one is to graft the upper end of the root shoot close to the trunk, preferably on the same side as the scraping site, to the upper end of the scraped wound. The other method is to connect the upper and lower ends of a branch to the scraping site. After the bridge survives, remove the bud on the scion in time.

The above is the fruit tree grafting introduced to you by Xiaobian.

(2)Belly joint with basal branch: it is actually a new method to improve subcutaneous belly joint. Its advantage is that the natural opening angle of basal angle is large, and there is no need to cut the crescent knife above the rootstock "D" mouth, so there is no need to worry about "pillow". The specific method is to thin the old skin of the rootstock, and the rootstock that has not formed the old skin can be cut directly at the selected position without cutting a "T" shape deep into the xylem. The scion was selected as the branch with two annual branches on the two-year-old mother branch. The branch was cut off at the distance of 3 cm from the annual branch, leaving two annual branches and a biennial basal branch 3 cm long. One annual branch is selected on the branch as scion, and the other branch is cut off at a distance of 2cm from the branch, and the cut branch can be used as scion for grafting, and then the annual branch is cut down to a horse ear shape from the top to the biennial base branch, the annual branch is thick, and the biennial base branch is thin. The annual scion with base branch can be directly inserted into the root stock "T" shaped mouth, wrapped with plastic cloth, high survival rate, high preservation rate.

3. Splitting method: mostly used when the rootstock is thicker. Generally, the developing branches of 1-year-old healthy branches are selected as scions, which are carried out before germination in spring.

4, grafting: also known as subcutaneous grafting, it needs to be carried out under the condition of rootstock bud germination and peeling, insert scion between rootstock section cortex and xylem, depending on the size of section area, can insert multiple scions.

selecting a smooth part of the grafting part of the rootstock to cut, shearing and sawing the cut to be flat so as to facilitate healing, firstly cutting a long cut surface of 3-5cm in length at the lower part of the scion, making the lower end slightly sharp, then lightly peeling at the opposite side of the cut surface, leaving 2-3 buds at the upper part of the scion, and keeping the top bud at the back of the large cut surface, cutting a longitudinal cut slightly shorter than the long cut surface of the scion at the smooth part of the lower surface of the rootstock cut, reaching the xylem deeply, gently pulling up the bark to both sides, and then facing the long cut surface of the scion to the xylem, Insert from the middle of the cortex incision, long cut white 0.5 cm, insert 1 rootstock when the diameter of rootstock is more than 2 cm, insert 2 rootstocks when 2- 4 cm, insert 3 rootstocks when 4- 6 cm, insert 4 rootstocks when 6-8cm.

5, tongue: also known as double tongue, when the thickness of the stock is equivalent to the use of this method, in the rootstock cut a long 3.5-4.5cm horse ear shaped surface, in the upper third of the length of the cut surface vertically cut down a long cut of about 2cm, scion and rootstock cut the same method, and then the anvil, ear large, small cut surface alignment inserted until completely matched, two tongues clamped to each other, if the thickness of the stock is not equal, can make one side of the formation layer aligned, and then tightly tied with plastic wrap.

6. Skin cutting and tongue grafting: When grafting, saw off the upper part from the straight part to be grafted. The diameter of the rootstock interface should be more than 3cm. Determine the number of scions inserted according to the thickness of the rootstock. Generally, when the diameter of the rootstock interface reaches 3-4cm, insert 2 scions. The ear length is about 15cm. There should be 2-3 full buds at the upper end of the cutting surface. The inclined surface is long horse ear shape, about 5- 8cm long. Before grafting, the old skin is gently peeled off to expose the new skin according to the shape of the scion's shaved surface at the position to be inserted at the rootstock interface, and the length and width of the shaved surface are slightly larger than that of the scion's shaved surface. Then, the cortex at the front end of the shaved surface of the scion is pinched open, so that the xylem of the scion is slowly inserted between the xylem and phloem of the rootstock. The skin of the scion is placed on the tender skin of the rootstock, and the shaved surface is slightly exposed. Then, the new skin is tied.

7. Bridge method: mainly used for reconstructing and dredging tissues after scraping and curing decay diseases. Bridging method: one is to graft the upper end of the root shoot close to the trunk, preferably on the same side as the scraping site, to the upper end of the scraped wound. Another method is to connect the upper and lower ends of a branch to the scraping site. After the bridge survives, remove the bud on the scion in time.

The above is the fruit tree grafting introduced to you by Xiaobian.