What are the technical points to be mastered in family farming?

Plain sailing, also known as white taro, bract taro, the trade name is plain sailing, belongs to Araceae bract taro genus foliage plants. Yifanshun is native to tropical America, stemless or short rhizome, leathery, long oval or broadly lanceolate, long pointed, round base, dark green mercerized leaves. Buddha flame is leaf-shaped, approximately palm-shaped, high above the leaf surface, white or green, flowers are like cranes, graceful and graceful, white and flawless, giving people a sense of beauty of peace and peace and smooth sailing. Buddha Yan bag has the ability to absorb formaldehyde and benzene, which is a good product for indoor greening and beautification.

Potted plants require that the plant shape is symmetrical, the leaves are erect, the leaves are green and clean, no damage, no disease spots, no parasitism of insect pests, there are 3 and 5 buds, of which 1 and 2 are in a half-open state. The bracts of Fuyi are huge, waxy and glossy, free from diseases and insect pests, and the inflorescences of meat spikes should be stout, straight, full of vigor and vitality. Blue and white porcelain pots or purple sand pots should be set in the study and living room, and should be covered with newspapers or plastic bags after purchase to prevent the leaves from being injured by the wind, or the phenomenon of dry tip and scorched edge.

Smooth sailing likes a warm, humid, semi-overcast environment, and is very resistant to weak light. The suitable temperature for growth is 20: 28 ℃, the lowest temperature for overwintering is 10 ℃, and the optimum temperature for overwintering is 15-18 ℃. The matrix is suitable for loose, fertile, stable structure, non-perishable, water and fertilizer conservation plant materials, the pH is 5.5 ~ 6.5. The basin soil is made of rotten leaf soil, peat soil, charcoal (or perlite) at 5:4:1. Add rotten stable fertilizer or cake fertilizer to the bottom of the basin as base fertilizer, 100g to 500g per basin. It prefers fertilizer, applying cake fertilizer and water or liquid chemical fertilizer every 1-2 weeks in the growing season, and spraying 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate plus 0.1% urea on the leaf. Seedlings can appropriately increase the proportion of nitrogen, promote luxuriant growth, dense branches, too much nitrogen fertilizer for adult plants will reduce the ornamental effect, and generally stop fertilizing in winter.

Plain sailing likes dampness to avoid stagnant water, watering every 5 to 7 days, drought resistance is not as good as spring taro, tortoise back bamboo, to maintain high air humidity (70%-80%), spray water frequently in summer, spray water with cold boiled water to prevent leaves from leaving powder spots, do not spray water at night, otherwise leaves will get sick. Keep the soil moist without stagnant water. Bogey basin soil is too wet in winter, do not water before the cold current, otherwise it will cause rotten roots and yellow leaves.

Plain sailing is happy to scatter light, indoor display requires sufficient light, it is best to leave the window about 1 meter. In the sun, 60% to 70% in summer, 30% to 40% in spring and autumn, 10% to 20% in the south and 10% to 40% in winter. Summer should be placed in semi-overcast, cool, humid places, such as air-conditioned rooms to spray more water. Plain sailing likes high temperature. During the growing period, it is appropriate to keep 25: 30 ℃ during the day and 21: 24 ℃ at night. During the winter, if it is less than 10 ℃ and moist for a long time, the root system will blacken and rot.

In winter, 25 ℃ during the day and 15-18 ℃ at night, it will blossom and grow as usual. If there is no heating condition when the cold current comes, it is appropriate to use a plastic bag to cover the whole plant, and after the cold spell, the condom can be removed. Plain sailing is very sensitive to dichlorvos, trichlorfon, dimethoate and omethoate, so it is not suitable to use pyrethroids instead of pyrethroids. The phenomenon of rotten root, dry tip and coke edge is easy to occur in family cultivation, and the reason is that the rotten root is watered too much when the temperature is too low, or when the temperature is too high, the drainage of basin soil is not smooth. The dry tip and focal edge are mainly caused by too strong light and too low air humidity. When drying at high temperature, you should often spray water on the leaf surface or on the ground, or spray 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate instead of water, which increases both air humidity and nutrition.

Plain sailing culture methods and matters needing attention White crane taro alias white palm, plain sailing bract taro, with the role of purifying the air, can filter benzene, trichloroethylene and formaldehyde in the air, especially for ozone purification rate is particularly high. Its leaves have a very high evaporation rate, which can improve the humidity of the air, so it is a very good indoor foliage and flowering plant. White crane taro is more shade-tolerant than ordinary indoor plants and can blossom in a slightly light source and warm environment, and its flowers are also excellent decorative materials for flower swallows and flower arrangement.

Plain sailing plant height 30-40cm, spring and summer flowering, flame bracts large and prominent, higher than the leaf surface, white or light green, succulent inflorescence milky yellow. Like warm and humid semi-overcast environment, avoid direct sunlight, afraid of cold. Avoid sticky soil and like sandy loam rich in humus. The suitable temperature for the growth of white crane taro is 22 ℃-28 ℃, 24 ℃-30 ℃ from March to September and 18 ℃-21 ℃ from September to March of the following year. The winter temperature should not be lower than 14 ℃. When the temperature is lower than 10 ℃, the growth of the plant is blocked and the leaves are vulnerable to freezing injury. During the storage and transportation of potted white crane taro, the temperature should be controlled at 13 ℃-16 ℃, the relative humidity should be controlled at 80%-90%, and the ability to withstand dark environment for 30 days.

Key points of plain sailing potted plants

Light, temperature

Smooth sailing is more shady, as long as about 60% of the scattered light can meet its growth needs, so it can be cultivated in a place with bright scattered light all the year round. Summer can cover 60% to 70% of the sun, avoid strong light, otherwise the leaves will turn yellow, severe sunburn disease. However, long-term dark light will lead to plant growth is not robust, and it is not easy to blossom. 500lux is suitable for light intensity. In the process of pot cultivation, the lowest temperature in winter should be 14 ℃-16 ℃ at night and about 25 ℃ in daytime.

Moisture content

Plain sailing leaves are larger and more sensitive to humidity. In the process of pot cultivation, the potted soil should always be kept moist during the growth period, but too much watering should be avoided, otherwise it is easy to cause rotten roots and plants to wither and yellow. In summer and dry seasons, you should often use a fine-eye sprayer to spray water on the leaves and sprinkle water on the ground around the plant to keep the air moist. When the air humidity is low, the new leaves will become small and yellow, and when they are serious, they will wither and fall off. Watering should be controlled in winter, and the basin soil should be slightly wet.

Fertilizer application

Potted plants require loose soil, good drainage and ventilation. Generally, rotten leaf soil, peat soil and a small amount of perlite can be used as matrix, and a small amount of calcium superphosphate and a small amount of bone powder or cake powder can be used as base fertilizer. Thin compound fertilizer or rotten cake fertilizer and water are applied every 1-2 weeks in the peak growing season, and "Huiyou" 20-20-20 general fertilizer can also be applied to ensure strong plant growth and continuous flowering. When the temperature is low in winter in the north, fertilization should be stopped.

Change the basin

Smooth sailing has a strong tillering ability, so attention should be paid to root pruning and withered leaves when changing pots every year. The over-dense plants were divided and potted. Generally speaking, before a large number of new buds germinate in early spring, the basin should be changed once every year, part of the persistent soil should be removed, the root system should be trimmed, and the new culture soil should be added and planted in the larger basin to facilitate root system development.

A smooth method of reproduction

Ramet propagation

It is best to do it from May to June. Pour the whole plant out of the pot and cut the rhizome from the base of the plant clump, with at least 3-4 leaves in each clump, and restore it in semi-shade after planting. Plants with strong growth can be divided into plants once every two years, usually in spring or after autumn. Before the emergence of new buds in early spring, the whole plant was poured out of the basin, the old soil was removed, and the rhizome was divided into several clumps at the base of the plant, each containing more than 3 stems and buds, which were replanted in the pot with newly cultured soil. It is necessary to bring as many root groups as possible so that the new plant can produce new leaves quickly and ensure that the plant shape is plump.

Sowing and reproduction

After flowering, the seeds of Taro can be obtained by artificial pollination in greenhouse. After the seeds are mature, they can be sown as they are picked. The sowing temperature should be about 25 ℃ and germinate 10-15 days after sowing. Seeds are easy to rot when the temperature is low, which affects seedling emergence.

Pest control

Common bacterial leaf spot, brown spot and anthracnose damage leaves can be sprayed with 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500 times. When root rot and stem rot occur, in addition to paying attention to ventilation and reducing humidity, control with 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 800 times. Shell insects and red spiders were sprayed with 1500 times of 50% marathon EC. If there is harm to mites, when the leaves show bad symptoms such as wilting, gloss desalination, yellow blight and so on, special mites can be sprayed to control them, such as triclofenac, Nisolan, pyridaben and so on.

Pot culture method of ★ plain sailing

White crane taro, also known as white palm, plain sailing, bract taro, is a perennial evergreen herbaceous flower of Araceae. White crane taro has the function of purifying air, it can filter benzene, trichloroethylene and formaldehyde in the air, at the same time, it also has certain health care function, can improve air humidity, prevent nasal mucosa from drying, and reduce the probability of human disease. it is a very good indoor foliage and flowering plant. It is more shade-resistant than ordinary indoor plants and can blossom in a slightly lighted and warm environment. White crane taro emerald green leaves, white Buddha bud, very fresh and elegant. Potted plants decorate the living room and study, which are very chic, and their flowers are also excellent materials for flower basket and flower arrangement.

White crane taro plant height 30cm~40cm, no stem or short stem, leaves oblong or sublanceolate, with obvious midrib and petiole, dark green. Spring and summer flowering, Buddha flame bracts large and prominent, higher than the leaves, white or light green, fleshy inflorescences milky yellow. It is very beautiful when it blossoms, and it is also an excellent indoor potted foliage plant when it is not flowering.

White crane taro likes warm, humid and semi-overcast environment, avoid direct sunlight and be afraid of cold. Avoid sticking heavy soil, should be rich in humus sandy loam. The suitable temperature for the growth of Taro is 22 ℃ ~ 28 ℃, the winter temperature is not lower than 14 ℃ and the temperature is lower than 10 ℃, the plant growth is hindered and the leaves are vulnerable to freezing injury.

Key points of potted plant

White crane taro is more shade-resistant, as long as about 60% of the scattered light can meet its growth needs, so it can be cultured indoors with bright scattered light all the year round. In summer, you can quickly remove 60% or 70% of the sun, avoid bright light, otherwise the leaves will turn yellow and sunburn will occur in serious cases. But the long-term light is too dark, the plant growth is not strong, and it is not easy to blossom. The light intensity should be 500 lux. In the process of pot cultivation, the lowest temperature in winter should be 14 ℃ ~ 16 ℃ at night and about 25 ℃ in daytime. Long-term low temperature is easy to cause leaf shedding or scorched yellow.

The leaves of white crane taro are larger and sensitive to humidity. In the process of pot cultivation, the pot soil should be kept moist during the growth period, but to avoid excessive watering, the basin soil is moist for a long time, otherwise it is easy to cause rotten roots and plants withered and yellow. In summer and dry season, we should often spray water on the leaf surface with a fine-eye sprayer, and sprinkle water on the ground around the plant to keep the air moist and conducive to leaf growth. If the climate is dry and the air humidity is low, the new leaves will become small and yellow, and when they are serious, they will wither and yellow and fall off. Watering should be controlled in winter, and the basin soil should be slightly wet.

Potted plants require loose soil, good drainage and ventilation, and can not use clayey soil. Generally, rotten leaf soil, peat soil and a small amount of perlite can be used as matrix, a small amount of calcium superphosphate should be added, and a small amount of bone powder or cake powder should be added as base fertilizer. The application of thin compound fertilizer or rotten cake fertilizer or 20-20-20 general fertilizer every 1-2 weeks in the peak growing season is not only beneficial to plant growth, but also conducive to continuous flowering. The winter temperature in the north is low, so fertilization should be stopped.

White crane taro has strong tillering ability, and attention should be paid to root pruning and withered leaves when changing pots every year. The over-dense plants were divided and potted. Generally speaking, before a large number of new buds germinate in early spring, the basin should be changed once every year, part of the persistent soil should be removed, the root system should be trimmed, and the new culture soil should be added and planted in the larger basin to facilitate the root system development and plant growth.

Reproduction method

Propagate in separate plants. Plants with strong growth can be divided into plants once every 2 years, usually in spring or after autumn. Before the emergence of new buds in early spring, the whole plant was poured out of the basin, the old soil was removed, and the rhizome was divided into several clumps at the base of the plant, each containing more than 3 stems and buds, which were replanted in the pot with newly cultured soil. It is necessary to bring as many roots as possible to facilitate the new plant to produce new leaves and plump plant type quickly.

Sow and reproduce. After the seeds are mature, they can be sown with picking and sowing. The sowing temperature should be about 25-15 days, and the seeds are easy to rot at low temperature.

Plain sailing maintenance method of ★

Like sun, not cold-resistant, prefer water and fertilizer

[January] potted white taro, placed on a sunny windowsill or balcony, kept at room temperature for 15 ℃-18 ℃, can bloom as usual. The basin soil should be watered immediately, once every ten days, to keep the soil moist, and avoid high and low indoor temperature and low temperature and humidity, resulting in brown spots and mildew spots on the edge of the spawn.

[February] the plant of Amorphophallus konjac kept its position unchanged, kept 15 ℃ ~ 18 ℃ at room temperature, and continued to extract the flower stem from the leaves and blossom. If the room temperature is about 10 ℃, it can survive the winter safely, but it is difficult to draw out the flowering stem and continue to bloom. Keep the basin soil moist. If the indoor air is dry, spray water to the ground or basin surface to increase air humidity. The flower plant should stay away from the air conditioner mouth and radiator to prevent the flame bud from dying early.

[March] the daily management of white crane taro flowers is the same as that of the previous month. The flower plant should stay away from the air conditioner or radiator to avoid the flame bud wilting ahead of time. When flowering, artificial pollination is carried out with a brush to improve the seed setting rate.

[April] when the temperature rises, the white crane taro blossoms more and more, watering 2 ~ 3 times a week to keep the potted soil slightly moist. Fertilize once a month, but nitrogen fertilizer should not be excessive. Otherwise, it will affect the flowering. Prevent the harm of root rot and stem rot.

In full bloom, potted plants are still placed on sunny windowsill or balcony, kept at room temperature for 18 ℃-20 ℃, watered three times a week and fertilized once a month. Sowing and propagation, using indoor pot sowing, sowing soil with peat soil, covering shallow soil after sowing, the optimum temperature for germination was 23 ℃ ~ 27 ℃, and germinated 10 ~ 15 days after sowing. If the room temperature is too low, the seeds are vulnerable to wet rot.

[June] flowering gradually decreased, combined with ramets to change pots. Lift the whole plant out of the basin, remove the persistent soil, cut off the long fibrous root, cut the rhizome from the base of the plant, and ensure that each clump has 3 ~ 4 buds. Pot soil is a mixture of garden soil, rotten leaf soil and river sand, which is preserved in a semi-shady place after pot planting.

[July] continue to split and change pots, the method is the same as last month. After the ramet seedlings resumed their growth, the basin soil was kept slightly moist. When the sun shines directly, shade properly and apply thin fertilizer once a month. Prevent the harm of shell insects

[August] in the high temperature season, in addition to keeping the basin soil moist, spraying more water to the leaves and maintaining high air humidity is very beneficial to the growth of leaves. Strong light shade, but long-term lack of light, it is not easy to form flower buds, can not bloom.

[September] the temperature is getting cooler and the plant continues to pull out the stems from the leaves and blossom. Water 2 ~ 3 times a week to keep the basin slightly moist. Fertilize once a month. Prevent the harm of leaf spot and brown spot.

[October] the plant continued to bloom under the condition of 15 ℃-18 ℃ at room temperature. Watering 2 ~ 3 times a week, slowly control the amount of water and stop fertilization to avoid the rapid growth of plants and the weakening of cold resistance.

[November] potted plants, placed on a sunny windowsill or balcony, kept at room temperature for 15 ℃-18 ℃, watered once every ten days, and the potted soil remained slightly moist

[December] potted plants, placed in the same position, kept at room temperature for 15 ℃-18 ℃, watered once every ten days, cut off the yellow leaves and withered leaves and gently wiped off the dust on the leaves with a slightly wet soft cloth to keep the leaves clean and bright.

How to raise plain sailing in the northern family of ★

White crane taro, also known as white palm, different stalk white taro, is a foliage plant of Araceae bract taro. It is an excellent small and medium-sized indoor potted flower newly introduced into our country in recent years. It also has a very popular name-plain sailing.

White crane taro is native to tropical America, so in the process of family cultivation in the north, attention should be paid to creating a high temperature and humidity environment for it. The evaporation of white crane taro leaves is large, and it is necessary to ensure that the air humidity is above 60%. In the room, you can sit in a water basin at the bottom of the flowerpot or put it near the plant with an electric humidifier, so that the leaves are full of water vapor; you can also spray water directly around the plant and on the foliage, which is generally sprayed more than 4 times a day in hot summer. The basin soil should always be kept moist, but do not accumulate water. White crane taro is a high-temperature flower. The lowest temperature should be kept at 14-16 ℃ at night in winter and about 25 ℃ in daytime. Long-term low temperature and humidity are easy to cause root rot and aboveground withering and yellowing. (author: Miao Jinsu Sun Fengshan)

Smooth cultivation Management and Disease Control of ★

1. Ecological habits

White crane taro, alias white palm, bract taro, plain sailing, Araceae bract taro is a perennial evergreen herbaceous foliage plant. Originally from the Colombian rainforest, it is relatively adapted to the warm, humid and semi-shady environment. The suitable temperature for growth is 20 ℃-28 ℃, and the overwintering temperature is 10 ℃. It is a high-temperature plant with strict requirements for soil and can not use clayey soil. It generally uses loose, breathable and well-drained soil.

2. Methods of reproduction

Multiuse individual plant propagation, can also use seed propagation. The tillering rate of white crane taro plants is fast, and the plants with strong growth can be divided after two years, and pay attention to making each clump contain more than 3 buds. When sowing and reproducing, the seeds should be sown as they are picked.

3. Cultivation and management

The white crane taro plant tillers faster, so there is a great demand for fertilizer and water, so we should pay attention to timely supply and maintain the humidity of the surrounding environment. Shade should be 60% Mel 70% in the growing season, but the light should not be too dark, especially the low light for a long time will affect the plant growth, and it is not easy to blossom. At the same time, be careful not to stay in a low temperature and humid environment for a long time, so as not to cause root rot and yellow leaves. When potted, an appropriate amount of farm manure should be added as base fertilizer. When the plant growth is too dense, it can be pruned moderately.

4. Disease control

White crane taro (white palm bract taro) blight

Symptoms. The disease occurs first in the part near the ground, and the rhizome, stem and leaf can all be damaged. Primary water stains, brown after expansion. When the humidity is high, the disease spot expands rapidly, the disease part softens the damp rot, and produces sparse white mold layer. The root and stem is infected, causing the plant inverted; the stem is infected, and the wet rot is reversed, and the stem and leaves above the disease are wilted or withered; the leaves often expand and show large yellow-brown spots, which seriously affect the ornamental effect.

The route of transmission and the condition of onset. Overwintering in the soil as oospores. Under warm and high humid conditions, it was transmitted to the plant through the sputtering of Rain Water and irrigation water, which caused the disease after germination. The incidence of poor drainage in rainy, close planting and planting land is serious.

Prevention and control methods. ① rotation or planting in disease-free soil. ② chooses places with good drainage to plant or place flowerpots. Avoid overdense plants and ensure good ventilation and light transmission. The diseased plant was removed and burned by ③ in time. Disinfect the soil before planting and irrigate 95% Luheng No. 1 3000 times. According to the weather forecast, ④ sprayed 58% metalaxyl manganese zinc wettable powder or 61% ethyl phosphorus aluminum manganese zinc wettable powder before or after heavy rain, and downy mildew bengjing wettable powder 600 times, once every 10 days, depending on the weather and the incidence of the disease.

Bacterial leaf rot of Colocasia esculenta

Symptoms. It is mainly harmful to leaves. The leaf margin gives birth to brown rot spots, which constantly expand the disease inward, and yellow halo spots appear between the health parts.

The route of transmission and the condition of onset. The pathogenic bacteria overwintered with the disease remains in the soil and spread through irrigation water or Rain Water spatter when the conditions were suitable the next year, and the bacteria invaded from the wound. Continuous rainy weather, moisture retention for a long time or basin soil long-term stagnant water is easy to occur.

Prevention and control methods. ① horticultural control. Choose high-dry and well-ventilated flower beds to cultivate white crane taro, drain in time after rain, and strictly prevent moisture retention. Timely and moderate ventilation and dehumidification should be carried out in the shed. ② chemical control. When entering the rainy season, 72% agricultural streptomycin soluble powder or 4,000 times of neophytomycin, 53.8% can kill 1000 times of 2000 dry suspension, 47% of Ruinong wettable powder, and 12% green copper EC. About once every 10 days, prevention and treatment 2-3 times. (author of Hebei Agricultural Science and Technology: Feng Li)

Smooth maintenance and Management of potted plants in ★

White palm, also known as white crane taro, silver bract taro and plain sailing, etc., English name whiteflag;peace-lily, belongs to Monocotyledon Araceae, Araceae, taro perennial evergreen herbs.

White palm, which originated from Colombia and other tropical America, was introduced to Europe in 1874. It was used for potted ornamental plants at the beginning of the 20th century, and became very popular in Europe in the 1980s. Introduction and cultivation began in China in the late 1980s, and there was small-scale production. Because white palm is a kind of flowers suitable for indoor potted plants, so far, the flower production bases of southern provinces, regions and big cities across the country have propagated a large number of seedlings through tissue culture, and the market and market have been good. The price is relatively high, therefore, it is favored by businessmen and florists, and it has gradually entered thousands of households because of the abundant supply.

China has introduced cultivated varieties: Hulk white palm, perfume white palm, magic lantern white palm and Mana Loy bract white palm and so on.

1. Botanical characteristics

White palm rhizome is short, plant height is 30-50cm, and most of them are tufted. Leaves leathery, long oval, acuminate at both ends, dark green, glossy, veins obvious, petiole long, base sheathlike; flowers erect, taller than leaves, flame bracts oblong-lanceolate, erect; ovate, persistent, white as snow lotus, like palms; flowers small and dense, white, fragrant, bisexual; berries red. The florescence is from May to August.

2. Biological characteristics.

White palm likes warm, moist semi-overcast environment, not cold-resistant; avoid direct sunlight exposure. It is suitable to be planted in sandy loam soil rich in humus, loose, breathable and well drained, and avoid heavy clay.

3. Reproduction

Ramet

When the plants in the basin are too dense, the whole plant can be lifted out of the basin from April to June, the old soil and diseased and weak roots can be removed, the rhizome will be broken from the base of the clump, and 4 leaves will be left for each clump, and the plant will be replanted with newly cultivated soil, so as not to hurt the root system and restore it in the semi-shady place, so as to facilitate the emergence of new leaves and ensure the fullness of the plant type.

Artificial pollination

The white palm of indoor potted plants can bear seeds by artificial pollination after flowering. Artificial pollination is suitable at 9-10:00 and 15-16 o'clock.

It takes 10-12 months from pollination to seed maturity. In the stage of seed growth and development, pay attention to ventilation and water and fertilizer management to promote fruiting and fullness.

Sowing seeds

After the seeds are ripe, they will be sown as they are picked. Remove the peel and pulp before sowing, soak the seeds in 40 ℃ warm water for 10 hours and sow them on loose, well-drained river sand, then cover the mouth of the basin with a thin layer of soil, spray or soak the basin to keep the culture soil above 80% humidity. Put it in a room of 20-25 ℃ and sprout 15-25 days after sowing. If the room temperature is too low during this period, it will lead to seed decay or affect seedling emergence.

Tissue culture

Induce callus

Rinse the young leaves of white palm with tap water, disinfect them with 70% alcohol for 1 minute, disinfect them with 1% mercuric chloride for 10 minutes, rinse them with sterile water for 5 times, and inoculate ms+24d0.2mg/l+.

Callus could be formed when cultured in ba 1.0m/l medium for about 15 days.

Embryoid differentiation

The callus was transferred to ms+ba1.0mg/l+na a0.1~0.1mg/l medium for subculture.

Rooting culture

The rootless seedlings were transferred to 1/2ms+naa0.5mg/l medium for rooting culture.

Other

The medium ph was 5.8,3% sucrose and 5% Agar were added; the sucrose of 1/2ms was halved, the culture temperature was 24-28 ℃, the light intensity was 1500~2000ix, and the sunshine hours were 10-12 hours.

Tissue culture proliferates rapidly and the plants are neat, which is the current method used in production. After emergence, when 1 or 2 true leaves grow, they can be divided into pots and transplants. After planting for a period of time, spray thin manure to make the seedlings grow healthily. The sowing seedlings need to be cultivated for 3-4 years before they can blossom, but after 2-3 years, they can be used for indoor pot cultivation.

4. Cultivation and management

4.1 Lighting

White palm is shade-resistant, and about 60% of the scattered light can meet its growth needs, so it can be placed indoors with bright scattered light all the year round. The illuminance is 50% in summer and 70% in winter, but strong light is not allowed to shine directly at noon. There should be more sunshine in the morning and evening.

It is appropriate to plant on the indoor south and north balcony or windowsill, otherwise, yellow leaves or scorched leaves will occur, and sunburn will occur in serious cases. If it is placed in too dark for a long time, it will lead to poor plant growth and not easy to bloom. It can grow under 200lx light intensity and blossom under 500lx light intensity. Therefore, although it is resistant to shade, 500lx is suitable.

In order to keep the plant graceful and symmetrical, turn the flowerpot every once in a while to make the daylighting uniform and prevent the plant from deviating to the light source.

4.2 temperature

The suitable temperature for the growth of white palm is 22: 28 ℃, 24: 30 ℃ from March to September, 18: 22 ℃ from September to March, above 14: 15 ℃ in winter, and below 10: 15 ℃, the leaf tip dries up and the plant growth is hindered.

4.3 moisture

White palm is more sensitive to humidity, in the process of pot cultivation, the pot soil should always be kept moist during the growth period, but avoid too much watering and stagnant water, otherwise, it is easy to cause rotten roots or plants withered and yellow. In summer and when the basin soil is dry, spray water to the leaf surface with a fine hole sprayer to make the basin soil moist; plastic flowers can be added to the bottom of the basin.

Plate water to increase air humidity; the greater the air humidity, the more vigorous the growth and flowering; the humidity can be kept above 50%; when the air humidity is low, the new leaves are small and yellow, and when they are serious, they wither and fall off. The watering should be controlled in winter and the basin soil should be moist.

4.4 fertilization

In potted plants, the culture soil with water and fertilizer conservation is the best. Rotten leaf soil, garden soil and perlite can be mixed into a matrix, adding a small amount of calcium superphosphate, bone powder, mature livestock manure as base fertilizer, and adding potassium fertilizer such as plant ash to help growth, so that the leaves stand green and will not lodge. In the peak growing season, thin compound fertilizer or rotten cake fertilizer and water are applied every 15 days to make the plant strong and the leaf color bright; Huiyou 20-20-20 general fertilizer can also be applied to ensure plant health and continuous flowering; or 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution is sprayed on the leaf surface to make the leaves broad and bright. But do not apply raw fertilizer or excessive fertilization, if the fertility is too large, it is easy to cause leaf yellow, rotten roots and other fertilizer damage.

4.5 change the basin

The plant has strong germination and tillering ability, so it is appropriate to change the pot before a large number of new buds germinate in early spring every year. When changing the basin, trim the root system, cut off the residual root and diseased root, cut off the leaves of wilt and disease and insect pests, and ramet to the dense plant, and then put it on the pot. Before potting, remove part of the old soil and add new soil. Because the leaves of the plant are large and the root system is developed, it is appropriate to choose a moderate deep tube basin, so that the sturdy root system can stretch and grow in the basin, which is beneficial to the root system development, the roots are deep and the leaves are luxuriant, and the flowers are full of flowers.

4.6 soilless cultivation

The culture medium is made of 1: 1 vermiculite or perlite mixed with river sand. The ph of nutrient solution is 6, and it is irrigated every 5 days.

4.7 Management of hydroponics

White palm with medium plant type and strong growth, and the planting cup is wrapped in solid matrix or sponge. The nutrient solution was selected as the formula of garden test. The ph of the nutrient solution was 4.7 and 5.8. The nutrient solution was updated every 15 days during the growth period. Summer should be maintained in a proper shade to avoid direct sunlight and it is appropriate to scatter light. But if it is shaded for a long time, it is not easy to form flower buds. In winter, the room temperature should be kept above 15 ℃, and when the temperature was less than 10 ℃, the leaves would fall off or appear scorched yellow. Often spray water to the leaves, and the air humidity is kept above 50%.

5. Pest control

5.1 Diseases

5.1.1 virus disease is caused by taro mosaic virus.

Prevention and treatment: do not introduce virus-carrying vaccines, strengthen quarantine; use tissue culture to propagate, so asexual reproduction can only be carried out when it is confirmed that the mother strain does not carry the virus; when the disease occurs, the diseased plant can be eliminated and burned in time; spray with 2% formaldehyde (formalin) and 2% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution or 164g anhydrous or 377g trisodium phosphate plus 1l water solution containing crystalline water.

5.1.2 Root rot is caused by Alternaria alternata.

Prevention and treatment: cut off the diseased leaves in time, smear the wound with Bordeaux solution to remove the diseased plants; also pull out the diseased plants, soak them in 1% potassium permanganate solution for 5 minutes, wash them, put them in the sun for 15 minutes, and plant them after drying; at the initial stage of the disease, use 30% Ludebao suspension 400 times or

Spray control of 14% ammonia copper solution 400x solution, 0.5% Bordeaux solution, 200mg/l agricultural streptomycin or methyl polysulphate, 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 800Mel 1000 times solution, 50% free Laide powder or methyl thiophanate 500ml 1000 times solution spray control, or 50% benzoate 800 times solution or 50% carbendan can be used to irrigate the base of the diseased plant.

5.1.3 Phytophthora is caused by parasitic Phytophthora, also known as Phytophthora.

Prevention and treatment: remove diseased leaves, increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and apply enough high-quality and fully mature organic fertilizer; at the initial stage of the disease, use 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 800m 1000-fold solution or 50% germicidal wettable powder 700-fold solution, 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500-fold solution, 40% triethrenic acid

Aluminum (ethyl aluminum) wettable powder 200x liquid, 70% ethyl zinc manganese zinc wettable powder 500x liquid, 58% metalaxyl manganese zinc (zinc manganese methanoate) 400500x liquid, 72.2% pric water agent 700800x liquid 64% poisonous alum wettable powder 400500x liquid, 50% Ryder wettable powder 1000-1500 times, 80% zinc manganese Naipu wettable powder spray control, do not use only one agent Several drugs should be used alternately.

5.1.4 Leaf rot is caused by Erbsiella and Euclid carrots.

Prevention and treatment: cultivate strong seedlings, timely planting, reasonable close planting; watering should not be too much, timely drainage in the rainy season; before and after rain, 72% agricultural streptomycin sulfate soluble powder 4000 times liquid or neophytomycin 4000 times solution, 50% succinic copper sulfate wettable powder 4000 times solution spray control.

5.1.5 anthracnose is caused by prickles.

Prevention and treatment: spray with 800 times 50% methyl thiophanate wettable powder plus 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 800 times, or with 50% carbendazim wettable powder 800 times plus 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 800 times. 80% Dasheng wettability can also be used

Powder 500 times liquid or 65% Dysen zinc 800 times solution, 60% Fangmaibao, 50% carbendazim 1000 times liquid benzoate 800 times liquid and other prevention and control, spray once every 10 days or so, two or three times.

5.1.6 the disease spot is caused by Alternaria oryzae, also known as leaf spot.

Prevention and treatment: pay attention to ventilation; remove diseased leaves first and burn them centrally to reduce the source of primary infection; use 500-600 times of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder or 40% polysulfide suspension 500-600 times, 50% mixed sulfur suspension 500-700, 65% Dysenqian wettable powder 500-700

Double liquid spraying or soaking can also be sprayed with 1% Bordeaux solution or 70% methyl topiramate 1000 times, 50% benzoate 1000-1500 times, once every 10 days or so, even 1 or 2 times.

5.1.7 Brown spot is caused by fungi.

Prevention and treatment: improve ventilation and light transmission conditions; cut off and burn diseased leaves in time to prevent infection; according to the disease, spray control with 1000 times of methyl topiramate, carbendazim or 1000-1000 times of Dysen zinc wettable powder.

5.1.8 chlorosis

Prevention and control: take corresponding measures according to the results of soil determination; when ph reaches 6.5-6.7, lime should be banned and physiological acid fertilizer should be used; if hydroponics is used, it can be added to the nutrient solution.

Add ferric citrate solution with a concentration of 3-4mg/kg, once every 7 days for 2-3 times; you can also use 50mg/kg edta-fe aqueous solution to apply to the soil with the amount of 100ml per plant; or you can spray 0.2% ferrous sulfate solution on the leaf.

Appropriate application of more organic fertilizer can dissolve insoluble iron in the soil, which is convenient for plant absorption and utilization; when the disease occurs, apply alum fertilizer water or spray 0.2% ferrous sulfate solution, spray once every 7 days, and spray 3-4 times continuously; slightly acidic loam is selected when potted.

5.2 insect pests

5.2.1 scale insects

Prevention and control: when a small amount occurs, gently brush or manually remove the worms with a soft brush, and then rinse with clean water; if the nymphs hatch soon and have not yet formed a waxy shell, spray control with 1000 times of dimethoate or omethoate EC and 2.5% cypermethrin EC 2000-2500 times, once every 7-10 days for 1-3 times. Scale insects are easy to develop resistance to insecticides, so it is necessary to master the concentration of pesticides and use pesticides alternately.

5.2.2 Red Spider

Prevention and treatment: maintain ventilation, keep the environmental humidity above 40%, and often spray water to the leaves to control the reproduction of red spiders; when a small amount occurs, remove the seriously infected leaves and rinse the leaves with clean water Chemical control: in the adult and nymph stage, 20% trichlorofenoate EC 1000 times, 40% omethoate EC 1000 times, 20% cypermethrin EC 4000 times were sprayed once every 5-7 days, 2-3 times in succession. The effect of alternate use of drugs is good.

In family cultivation, it can be sprayed with 600x liquid ivy essence plus about 1% detergent solution, or 20000 times of Amelo or 10000 times of Aktai and 3000-5000 times of Wute.

5.2.3 aphids

Prevention and treatment: when a small amount occurs, the available materials are extruded, then washed with clean water, and finally smeared with 50 times liquid tobacco water and soapy water for several times; when the eggs hatch from March to April, spray control with 1000 times of 40% omethoate EC or 1000 times of 50% fenitrothion EC and 2000-3000 times of fenvalerate EC, spraying every 7-10 days for 3-4 times. (author of "Special Economic Animals and plants": Zhou Shurong, Bao Xiufang, Guo Wenchang, Niu Shiliang and Liu Jiahe) A picture of silver-bract taro Spathiphyllum floribundum silver-bract taro: how to raise silver-bract taro / silver-bract taro how to breed silver-bract taro Spathiphyllum floribundum silver-bract taro the introduction of silver-bract taro is a perennial evergreen herb, perennial evergreen herb. The rhizome is short. Leaves leathery, long oval, tip long, 10-20cm long, 5-9cm wide, 70-120 cm high. The optimum temperature for the growth of Amorphophallus was 22-28 ℃. Keep the basin moist and shade in summer. The winter temperature is not lower than 8 ℃. Silver bract taro stem is short and stout, few tillers, plant height can reach more than 1 meter, is a large species in the taro series. The leaf is broad, oval, the petiole is stout, and the leaf color is dark green and full of luster. The bud is huge, such as a human palm, high above the leaf surface, and the flower lasts for nearly a month from blooming to Xie; the flower color is white at the beginning, then turns green, from shallow to deep, until withered; the flowering period is late spring and early summer. The morphological characteristics of Amorphophallus Amorphophallus is a perennial evergreen shady herb foliage plant with short and stout stems with few tillers and a plant height of more than 1 meter. It is a large species in the taro series. The leaf is broad, oval, the petiole is stout, and the leaf color is dark green and full of luster. The bud is huge, such as a human palm, high above the leaf surface, and the flower lasts for nearly a month from blooming to Xie; the flower color is white at the beginning, then turns green, from shallow to deep, until withered; the flowering period is late spring and early summer. The inflorescence of silver-bract taro is erect, fragrant, white, broadly lanceolate, 7.5-14 cm long. The leaf surface is dark green, glossy, the leaf vein is obvious, the angle between the main vein and the tertiary vein is about 45 degrees, the lower part of the petiole is sheathlike. Flame bracts oblong-lanceolate, white, slightly involute; fleshy inflorescences yellow-green or white; polygamous. Amorphophallus leaves leathery, long oval, tip long, 10-20cm long, 5-9cm wide, dark green, glossy, veins obvious, the angle between main vein and tertiary vein is about 45 degrees, the lower part of petiole is sheathlike. Flame bracts oblong-lanceolate, white, slightly involute; fleshy inflorescences yellow-green or white; polygamous. Silver-bract taro florescence in spring. The ecological habits of Amorphophallus angustifolia prefer high temperature and humidity environment and humus-rich loam, and the optimum temperature for growth is 22-28 ℃. In summer, it is necessary to keep the basin soil moist and shade, requiring higher air humidity; avoid direct sunlight. The winter temperature of Taro is not lower than 8 ℃. At present, tissue culture is often used to propagate. The cultivation techniques of silver-bract taro the temperature of silver-bract taro likes to be warm, and the suitable temperature for growth is 22-28 degrees. Among them, it is 24030 degrees from April to September. From October to March of the following year, it is 182.21C. When the temperature is right, it can grow all year round. It is not hardy and the safe overwintering temperature is 10. The growth of the plant was blocked at low temperature, resulting in browning of the leaf edge and leaf tip, and in severe cases, the aboveground part was scorched and withered. The light likes the semi-overcast environment, when the light is too strong, the color of the leaf will become dim and lose its luster, and it will also cause the leaf tip and edge to scorch. From May to September, shade should be provided to cover 60% or 70% of the sun. The shade tolerance of white crane taro is extremely strong, it can grow under the weak light of 200 le, and it can blossom when the light is 500 le. But should not be too overcast, when the light is too dark, the plant growth is thin, the leaf is drooping, the leaf color becomes light, and it is not easy to bloom. Watering silver taro likes the moist soil environment and is not resistant to drought. Adequate water supply should be provided during the growth period to keep the basin soil moist but not dry. But should not be too wet and stagnant water, too much water when the leaves will bend and droop, leaf color withered and yellow, and even produce rotten roots, watering should master "wet and wet between dry and dry". Watering should be controlled in winter. Long-term low temperature and wet basin soil are easy to cause root rot and leaves withered and yellow. The humidity of the environment likes the humid environment. When the air is dry, the newly grown leaves will become smaller and yellowing, and the leaf tips and edges will become scorched. Water should always be sprayed to and around the leaves to moist the environment, and the relative humidity of the air should be kept above 50%. Fertilized plants grow rapidly and have a large amount of tillers, so they need more nutrients to grow well. Fertilizer combined with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be applied every 1-2 weeks during the growing period to promote plant growth and flowering. Stop fertilizing in winter. Due to the rapid growth, the basin is turned once every 1-2 years, which can be carried out before sprouting in spring. The basin soil is required to be loose and well drained, so it is not suitable to be planted with clayey soil. The matrix can be prepared with rotten leaf soil, garden soil, peat soil, coarse sand or rice chaff ash and other materials. Cultivation techniques 1. Breeding and seedling selection should choose virus-free test-tube plantlets bred by bioengineering technology, with neat plant growth, sturdy seedlings, well-developed roots, fast growth after planting, and can produce a large number of high-quality commercial flowers. Second, the preparation of basin soil cultivation basin soil is the basis of good growth of taro, so the preparation of basin soil requires higher requirements. The ratio is: three parts of organic matter pond mud, or fertile soil, two parts of river sand, two parts of rotten mushroom dregs, one part of peat soil, one part of perlite, one part of rotten pig manure or dried chicken droppings, a total of ten parts are combined to form a loose, breathable, well-drained mixed potted soil. Third, fertilizing silver-bract taro seedlings at the early stage of 10-color 20 cm high, generally do not need to apply too much fertilizer, too much fertilizer, the leaves appear black stripes, rotten leaves, but not good. In the early stage of seedlings, a small amount of 1% urea and 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate foliar fertilizer can be used. If there are conditions, growth hormones can be added, such as "Yemanbao" or "Aidoushou". The effect of foliar spraying is better when the spray concentration is 4500, 5000 times, and once every 15 days. When the silver-bract taro grows to a height of more than 30 cm, use compound fertilizer plus urea (2% of compound fertilizer and 1% of urea). If peanut bran or bean bran is applied as organic fertilizer once every two months, the effect is better. Fourth, moisture management silver taro likes the overcast and wet environment, but does not need excessive watering. Generally, you can press the basin soil with your fingers to have a sense of wetness. Every time it is watered, it should be watered thoroughly, that is, there is water coming out from the bottom of the basin. If possible, it is more ideal to spray on the leaf surface often. Fifth, the main pests of anti-pest silver taro are snails, slugs and dog caterpillars. Its silkworms eat silver bract taro leaves, which damage the commercial value of the damaged plants. It can be controlled with 1000 times concentration of dichlorvos or carbofuran. Sixth, the management of silver-bract taro likes to grow in an environment with high humidity in half-yin and half-yang. In general, the flower field is planted under a plastic shed, while the courtyard of the building is placed in a place with better light, and there is no strong direct sunlight to avoid being burned by the sun. Balcony windy, dry place, it is appropriate to spray or add water basin to increase air humidity, the temperature is suitable for 18 ℃ 28 ℃, the northern planting winter is appropriate to enter the room, placed in the window eaves where scattered light, room temperature can not be less than 10 ℃, easy to frostbite. When the seedlings grow to 20 cm high, remove the old leaves in the early stage of the seedlings with scissors to make the new leaves grow faster, sturdy and luxuriant. The propagation method of Amorphophallus is commonly used in ramet, sowing and tissue culture. Ramets can be carried out when changing pots in spring, and they can reproduce faster because of more tillers. It is also suitable to sow seeds and germinate easily, but the seeds are not easy to mature in the north and it is difficult to obtain seeds. The method of tissue culture is available for mass production, which multiplies quickly and has neat clumps of plants, which is a commonly used method of propagation at present. In summer, it should be placed in a proper shade to avoid direct sunlight. In winter, if the room temperature should be kept above 14 ℃ and below 10 ℃, the leaves will fall off or appear scorched yellow; keep the basin soil moist throughout the year, and often spray water to the leaves, and the air relative humidity can be kept above 50%. Family cultivation can be used to humidify the flowerpot or humidify it once every semimonthly during the growing period. Maintenance and management of silver-bract taro culture method silver-bract taro stem is short and stout, with few tillers and up to 1 meter high. it is a large species of white taro series, with broad leaves, stout petioles, dark green leaves and rich luster. Its bud is large and long spoon-shaped, shaped like the palm of the hand, higher than the leaf surface, the initial flowering is white, then turn green, flowering in late spring and early summer. Silver-bract taro plant shape tall and straight handsome, majestic and spectacular, is a green foliage plant. Because of its good negative resistance, it is suitable for the beautification and decoration of hotels, restaurants and family houses. With the continuous growth of the plant, its ornamental value is also improved accordingly, so it is deeply loved by people who live in buildings and grow flowers. Amorphophallus Amorphophallus originated in Colombia, sexual love temperature and fear of cold, suitable for growing in warm and semi-shady slightly acidic soil, avoid drought, high temperature and direct sunlight. Taro can adapt to a wide range of temperature, the suitable temperature for growth is 18-25 ℃, about 5 ℃ has little effect on it, less than 5 ℃ should be kept indoors, at 30 ℃ C or a little higher, as long as it is not under direct sun, shade and given enough water, it can still grow normally. However, it can not be kept in the indoor shade for a long time, which will also cause poor plant growth and reduce its ornamental value. It is generally appropriate to plant in a shaded place. Because of its large leaves and well-developed roots, Taro has a large demand for water. If there is a slight lack of water, the leaves will wilt. If there is a serious lack of water, it will cause dehydrated scorched leaves, and it is difficult to recover. It is necessary to ensure sufficient moisture in t soil j to maintain high air humidity, but not to accumulate water, otherwise it will cause rotten roots and leaves to wilt. High temperature and dry summer not only keep the basin soil moist, but also spray the leaf surface forever, on the one hand, it can clean the leaf dust, on the other hand, it can cool and moisturize. The propagation of silver-bract taro is mainly propagated by individual plants, and it is better to do it in spring and autumn. Pour the original plant out of the basin, carefully separate the sprouting young plants, plant them separately in a basin, pour enough root water, and maintain them in a semi-shady environment. There is another way to make silver taro sprout quickly, that is, remove the not-so-good, wilting and withering plants from the flowerpot, scrape off the rotten parts of the roots with a sharp knife, keep the good parts buried in human sand, pour water once, put them in a place without direct sunlight, pour water thoroughly when seeing the sand is dry, and maintain them for half a month, you can grow the 3-inch sheath leaves of H 2 color, and then put them on the pot and carry out normal management, so that more plants can be obtained. Disease control of taro 1. Physiological disease of taro Amorphophallus is a perennial evergreen shady plant of Araceae. Taro grows rapidly and needs balanced fertilizer in time. Usually, the application of ternary compound fertilizer containing only nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium can not meet the requirements of its growth and development. In particular, if the silver-bract taro with a plant height of more than 50 cm is applied too much phosphate fertilizer, it is easy to induce more buds, excessive nitrogen and potassium fertilizer, and insufficient magnesium, calcium, iron, boron, molybdenum and zinc, which will cause deformities in the development of young leaves, foliar wrinkles, distortions and ruptures. and it is easy to cause stem rot (commonly known as blackhead disease) and heart rot. The prevention and control method is "prevention-oriented". In the whole process of cultivation, according to the nutrition needed for the growth and development of taro, the formula fertilization or the "silver-bract taro cultivation solution" prepared by this clinic are used. It has been proved by many years' experiments that the application of "silver-bract taro cultivation liquid" can effectively prevent the deformity of silver-bract taro leaves. For the plants with abnormal and wrinkled leaves, the second to third leaves can return to normal after the application of "silver-bract taro cultivation solution". 2. Stem rot and heart rot of taro, stem rot and heart rot do great harm to taro. 30% of the plants of some growers are infected with these two diseases, resulting in great economic losses. Stem rot and heart rot belong to "soil fungal diseases". In the process of cultivation, the soil disinfection is not complete, the soil carries bacteria, and the disease resistance of the plant itself decreases, resulting in a great occurrence of the disease. In addition, in the process of fertilization, partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, or lack of certain elements, is also an important cause of the disease. The control method thoroughly disinfects the cultivation substrate (the sterilization effect can be achieved by spraying 10 kg formaldehyde per cubic meter of culture soil). At the same time, the formula fertilizer method or the silver taro cultivation liquid mixed compound fertilizer method is adopted, which can not only reduce the cost, but also prevent the occurrence of diseases. In addition, the incidence of blackhead and heart rot can be less than 1/1000 by spraying silver-bract taro stem with well-targeted fungicides on a regular basis. The distribution area of Artemisia angustifolia is native to Colombia. The use of silver-bract taro in potted plants the silver-bract taro has green seasons and white flowers, giving people a cool and comfortable feeling. In addition, it is very suitable for indoor environment, few diseases and insect pests, and simple cultivation and management, so it is a popular indoor potted flower. The flower arrangement material Yinxun taro has a strong ability to tolerate shade, and it can be placed continuously in the dark room for several weeks without much effect. It is an excellent indoor ornamental plant with good leaf and flower viewing. Its flowers are also excellent materials for flower arrangement, and both flowers and leaves can be used as flower arrangement materials. Purification effect silver taro plant shape is plump, the leaf color is green, the white Buddha flame is big and prominent, high above the leaf surface, like a high palm, so it is called white palm; it is also like a white sail riding through the wind and waves, so it has the name of "plain sailing" and is very beautiful. It is regarded as the "innocent flower" in Europe. Silver taro can absorb ammonia, acetone, benzene and formaldehyde in the air, which is conducive to keeping the air fresh. Landscape uses Silver Taro plant shape tall and straight handsome, majestic and spectacular, large silver taro, silver taro leaves broad style, green, is a popular green foliage plant in recent years. Its flowers are as big as palms, graceful and graceful against the green leaves. It has good negative resistance and is very suitable for interior decoration of hotels, restaurants and families. With the continuous growth of plants, its ornamental value and economic value are also increasing, so it is deeply loved by people. The garden use of silver taro the hulk is elegant and dignified, green all the year round, often cultivated as a garden plant, and extremely resistant to shade should be decorated with several tables, flower racks, wall corners and other places. The flower language of silver taro represents a successful career and smooth sailing. Silver taro pictures