How long does it take to raise sheep? How long is the growth cycle of sheep? the feeding and management of sheep

one。 Formula Feed and feeding amount of Goat

(1) the principle of coordination of daily quantity

According to the digestive physiological characteristics and nutritional needs of sheep, considering its palatability, nutritional value of feed and economic benefits, we mainly feed on hay and grass, and use concentrate to make up for the deficiency according to the feeding standard. Due to the digestive physiological characteristics of ruminants, the formulation of feed formula is very flexible. On the premise of meeting the requirement of roughage, it should be prepared with reference to the corresponding feed standards. The principles are as follows:

1. In line with the physiological needs of sheep in each period. Goats with different sex, age, body weight and different physiological conditions choose different feeding methods and standards. The feed formula was worked out according to the feeding experience. It takes 6 months for a sheep to be born to 100 jin out of the pen, and it takes 6 months to conceive. The gestation period is 5 months.

two。 The types of feed should be diversified and palatable. In the feed matching, the more kinds of feed, the better, the feed quality (nutritional value) should be relatively stable, considering the relationship between feed intake and feed volume, and the proper collocation of fine and coarse feed. Do not feed moldy and spoiled feed.

3. The diet is mainly based on high-quality green roughage, properly matched with concentrate, not only have a certain volume, but also ensure the content of dry matter.

4. The selection of feed can be used locally according to local conditions, at the same time, the price of feed should also be considered to reduce the feeding cost.

5. For lambs, it is not suitable to feed too large or too much moisture; for ewes in the early stage of lactation, high-quality hay and grass should be given priority, and concentrate and succulent feed should be fed appropriately; ewes in peak lactation should be fed with high-quality hay and a certain amount of concentrate equivalent to 1.0-1.5% of body weight, as much as possible with grass, silage and root tuber fodder; for breeding rams, high-quality Gramineae and Leguminosae mixed hay and fresh grass should be given priority. Mixed concentrate should be fed when mating. During the peak period of mating, protein materials such as milk, eggs or fish meal can be fed appropriately.

(2) the formula

1. Lamb formula: ① corn 50%, wheat bran 15.0%, soybean meal 20%, mineral trace elements 1%, hemp meal 12%.

Calcareous powder 1%, salt 1.0%. ② corn 55%, wheat bran 20%, rapeseed cake 10%, soybean cake 10%, bone meal 1%, salt 0.5%, fish meal 3%, trace elements and other additives 0.5%.

two。 Fattening sheep feed formula: corn 62%, wheat bran 10.0%, soybean meal 12.5%, sesame meal 12%, calcium powder 1%, salt 1.0%. Mineral trace elements 1%, baking soda 0.5%. 15~20kg left and right column.

3. Sheep feed formula: ① corn 54%, wheat bran 13.0%, soybean meal 18%, sesame meal 12%, calcium powder 1%, salt 1.0%. Mineral trace elements 1%. When you grow up, the ram grows faster. Feed more. ② corn meal 64%, bean cake 10%, vegetable cake 15%, wheat bran 10.2%, salt 1.0%. ③ corn meal 50%, bean cake 15%, wheat bran 19.0%, rice bran 15%, salt 1.0%.

4. Ewe formula: 49% corn, 18.0% wheat bran, 24% soybean meal, 6% sesame meal, 1% stone powder, 1.0% salt. Mineral trace elements 1%,

5. Male sheep feed formula: 55% corn, 12.0% wheat bran, 21% soybean meal, 9% hemp meal, 1% perovskite powder, 1.0% salt, 1% mineral trace elements.

(3) the amount of feed

1. The amount of concentrate feed.

The daily feed quantity of concentrate is 1x15-1ap10 of the body weight of sheep. According to the feeding standard of sheep and the nutritional composition of concentrate, combined with the actual situation of this farm (household), the daily supplementary feeding amount of concentrate for sheep is as follows:

⑴ ram: non-mating period: daily 0.3~0.5kg (fed twice); mating period daily 0.8-1.0kg (fed three times)

⑵ ewes: 0.3-0.5 kg per day, of which 0.4 kg per day in the first trimester, 0.5 kg in the third trimester, 1 body weight reduction in parturient ewes, 0.5kg in lactating lambs (2-3 months of lactation)

⑶ lambs: 20-30 days old, 50-70g / day, 100g-150g / d, 100g-150g / d, 200g / d, 200g / d, 250g / d.

⑷ fattening sheep: 0.2~0.6kg.

2. The feeding amount of coarse material:

Feeds containing more than 18% crude fiber are collectively referred to as roughages. Roughage dry matter should account for 60-70% of the total dry matter content, and insufficient roughage feeding will seriously affect the normal metabolism of sheep and cause a decline in production performance.

Goats have large rumen volume and strong ability to use hay. The daily feeding amount of hay is 3-4% of the body weight of sheep. Green feed is rich in vitamins and calcium, rich in nutrition and good palatability. The daily feed intake of sheep fed with green feed alone was about 12% of the body weight of sheep. However, it should be controlled when feeding legume grass, otherwise it is easy to cause swelling and death.

The daily feeding amount of coarse feed for each adult sheep is: grass 4kg, green hay 0.6-0.8kg~1kg. Or under the condition of concentrate supplement, Rabdosia chinensis 3kg, accounting for about 6.7% of the body weight. Other coarse materials are free to feed.

The amount of coarse feed needed to raise sheep is determined by the amount of daily feeding, the number of sheep and the number of days of feeding. Such as:

Crude feed quantity = daily feed quantity × feeding days × sheep number.

The actual feeding amount should be flexibly mastered according to the breed, sex, age, weight, use, physiological status and so on.

3. Each sheep should prepare 20 jin of concentrate and 300 jin of hay in winter and spring.

2. Technical points of goat house feeding

Goat feeding technology is a key technology to raise goats well. Proper implementation can increase the feed intake, improve the digestibility, promote the effective conversion of feed and promote the health of goats. The common feeding techniques in production practice are as follows:

(1) the principle of group feeding is to divide groups according to the standards of size, strength, disease, pregnancy, male and female, so as to avoid bullying the small by the big and bullying the weak by the strong. Sick sheep and pregnant sheep starve to death because they cannot grab fodder. Generally, goats can be divided into male flocks, ewes, male lambs, female lambs, young males, ewes, healthy sheep and sick sheep. Ewes and reserve sheep should be raised in stages and weight groups. Lambs are breastfed with their mothers for 1-2 months before weaning and transferred to reserve sheep immediately after weaning. The number of fattening sheep should not be too large, and each flock should be 20.

(2) fixed time and times of feeding means fixed feeding time for goats, with equal intervals as far as possible, which helps goats to form a good conditioned reflex, and is conducive to rest, feeding and rumination of goats. The specific time is scheduled according to the time and local conditions. Goats in whole house are generally fed 3-4 times a day. Half-grazed and half-house goats are fed once at noon and once in the evening. Grazing goats only need to be replenished after grazing at night. In addition, the concentrate is fed separately, usually twice a day. Set up a sink and drink freely.

(3) quantitative feeding is to feed a stable amount of feed within a certain period of time, based on the principle that goats are full and not wasted.

(4) qualitative feeding means that the feed for goats should be of high quality, fresh, clean, not rotten, spoiled or moldy, and not forage with peculiar smell and trampled fodder. Different amounts of feed were given according to the nutritional needs of different genders, ages and physiological periods. Supplementary feeding concentrate should be scientific to ensure the nutritional balance of the diet. Forage grass is the main diet for sheep, but it has the malpractice of undernutrition. Forage grass alone can not fully meet the nutritional needs of the rapid growth of mutton sheep. Therefore, it is necessary to supplement concentrate while meeting the forage needs of mutton sheep.

In order to supplement the deficiency of protein, urea can be added to the concentrate of goats after 3 months of age. because of the bitter taste of urea, it takes 5 days for the sheep to adapt to the transitional period of feeding urea. The method is to feed 3 to 4 grams a day for the first time, and then increase gradually. The maximum feeding amount of ewes can reach 8 grams 13 grams per day, and 8 grams 12 grams of sheep over 6 months old. And pay attention to do not drink water for an hour before and after feeding, otherwise it will be poisoned due to the rapid absorption of urea. If the products with slow ammonia release such as biuret and isobutyl biuret are used, the safety is higher and the effect is better than that of urea.

The above formula feed is designed for captive sheep, which is easier to fatten than grazing or semi-grazing. The amount of concentrate feed for sheep grazing outside the field during the grass season can be reduced by 50%. However, no matter how abundant the grass is, feeding at night is still necessary. Only in this way can the rapid growth of fattening sheep be ensured.

Should pay attention to the concentrate feed intake can not be too large, generally can only account for less than 30% of its diet. When you cannot make your own formula, the general cereals in the concentrate can be 40% 60%, protein 10% 25%, bran 20% 30%, and minerals 3%. Among them, salt is 0.5-0.7%, and urea can be added to 1%. Corn, wheat, beans, cakes and other concentrates should be crushed into fine grains and fully mixed and fed.

For roughage mainly refers to mature crop straw, blighted shell, etc., the feeding amount should be less than 30%. If possible, ammoniation and alkalization should be carried out. The dry coarse material based on agricultural straw should be crushed into pieces (such as rye bran) and can be fed with a small amount of 0.5% salt water; in order to avoid malnutrition, the main forage should be determined for a period of time, and then according to the lack of nutrition, it should be supplemented with other feed appropriately. Crop straw is the main crop straw in winter and spring, and should be fed with 1.0ml 1.5 kg of high quality grass of Gramineae and Leguminosae every day, or a certain amount of juicy materials such as vegetable feet, carrots and so on, and 0.3-0.7 kg of refined mixture at night. The physical condition of the feed has a great influence on its full feeding, the green material should be cut or crushed into 2-3cm for long feeding, and the forage should be diversified, so that the green and dry should be mixed first, the coarse and fine should be mixed first, and the short and crushed feed should be persisted in order to improve the utilization rate of forage and reduce the feeding cost. Hay should be fed on the shelf so that it can be added less frequently to avoid waste caused by trampling pollution. Concentrate should be fed regularly and rationally in a long trough, so that each sheep can eat a portion of the concentrate they deserve.

(5) matching feeding, that is, according to the feeding habits, digestion characteristics and feed characteristics of goats, a variety of feed groups are selected to match the diets of goats, so as to strengthen the complementary effect of nutrition. Leguminous forages should not be fed alone or in large quantities, but should be fed in proportion to other grasses (Leguminosae 2: Gramineae 8 or 3:7), otherwise it will lead to excessive gas production and acute expansion. And because the feed contains ingredients such as saponins, pectin, or mucopolysaccharides produced by bacteria, the liquid viscosity increases and is not easy to break, so foam gas occurs, and light ones cause slow relaxation of the rumen or reticulum. Serious inhibition of cardiovascular system and respiratory system function, easy to cause asphyxia death.

(6) feed grass first and then feed in sequence, first coarse and then fine, so as to add less frequently, let goats and other grasses, do not press the trough; methods according to the order of coarse feed → green feed → concentrate → succulent feed. The forage grass should be cut into 1.5-2.0 cm segments; the concentrate can be fed directly. If it is powdered, it is best to mix it with water into a wet mixture (pinched by hand, not dripping); drinking water should be kept clean at all times, warm in winter and cool in summer.

(7) after preparation, it should be washed, sliced, cooked, mixed and dried according to the different conditions of different feed types, so as to increase appetite, promote digestion and achieve the purpose of disease prevention. Legume feed needs to be fried with well-done to be affected by bad protease inhibitor (reduce trypsin activity), otherwise it will reduce protein digestibility and cause pancreas swelling. The rapeseed cake should be cooked before feeding to eliminate the toxic ingredients contained in the rapeseed cake. Every day, each sheep is fed with 4-5 grams of salt, 4-5 grams of bone meal or shell powder, mixed with concentrate. Grass, hay, and dried orange crops (peanut seedlings, sweet potato vines, corn stalks) as the basic diet, free to take food. If you feed the silage, add 5 grams of baking soda to the feed every day, and feed the sheep to the age of 6 months according to this new technology, the weight can reach more than 25kg. Compared with the traditional extensive feeding method, the growth rate is doubled, lambing can be carried out in the same year, and the fences can be produced in the same year.

(8) gradual transition of feed replacement where the amount of feed is increased or decreased and the type of feed is changed step by step, the method of gradual and gradual change should be adopted, and the feeding habits should not be disrupted suddenly, so as not to cause maladaptation and digestive dysfunction of sheep. Or cause constipation or dysentery, serious cases will cause stomach dilatation, intestinal nodules, or even death.

(9) careful feeding should observe the intake of goats and observe the shape, smell and color of goats' feces. Observe carefully, nurse carefully, and adjust the diet and feeding mode in time according to the situation.

(10) provide enough clean drinking water twice a day, once in the morning and once in the evening, or drink freely. The daily drinking water of each fattening sheep is 3~5kg, which should be increased in summer and warm water in winter. Special attention should be paid to the prohibition of drinking water within 1 hour before and after feeding urea to prevent poisoning.

three。 Feeding methods of all kinds of sheep

(1) the colostrum of suckling lambs is rich in protein, vitamins and mineral elements; it contains immunoglobulins that protect the lamb from external bacteria, which can prevent dysentery. The lamb eats colostrum within 30 minutes after delivery. Therefore, lambs eat early and eat more colostrum, which is of great significance to enhance the physique and disease resistance of lambs. If the ewes with many lambs are short of milk, they need to find a babysitter to replenish the milk or breast-feed them artificially. Secondly, it should be replenished in time. In about 10-12 days, the beans were fried and crushed and sprinkled in the trough to lure the lambs. When the lambs got used to it, they were fed with bean cake, wheat bran, corn meal and other mixed concentrate for supplementary feeding. At the same time, feed fresh and tender grass or high-quality hay. After the lamb is one month old, it is mainly fed with grass and supplemented with refined feed. Each lamb is fed 100 grams of concentrate daily, and the lamb is fed less frequently to prevent food damage. Add salt and bone meal as required. A few days after birth, the lamb can move freely with the ewe in the fence, which is beneficial to the physique and bone development. More sunlight is beneficial to increase the content of vitamin D and cholesterol in the body.

In addition to being warm in winter and cool in summer, the sheep shed should be kept dry and clean all the year round, and the surrounding materials outside the sheep shed should be cleaned and disinfected regularly. Boer goats must be vaccinated in a planned manner in accordance with the procedure and regularly dewormed alive. At present, five combined vaccines are often used in epidemic prevention, which can prevent black plague, fast epidemic, sudden onset, enterotoxemia and lamb dysentery in goats; remove parasites in and out of goats, mostly by subcutaneous injection of insecticides, or broad-spectrum deworming drugs, such as levamisole, albendazole, avermectin, etc., once in spring and autumn.

How to feed a goat with regular milk?

Normal milk refers to the milk produced by female goats after secreting colostrum for 7 days. Regular milk is the main source of early nutrients for suckling lambs, so it is necessary to make lambs eat regular milk as much as possible. Haochang milk is the milk secreted by healthy female goats. The milk secreted by ewes with mastitis should not be used to feed lambs, otherwise it is easy to cause lamb diarrhea.

How to feed the goat? When should the lamb be weaned? What weaning methods should be taken?

1. At the age of 15-20 days after birth, lambs should be trained to eat forage. Young legumes and Gramineae hay and tender branches and leaves are the best forage for lambs and should be allowed to feed freely as soon as possible. The feeding method adopted: when feeding in the house, the high-quality hay or young branches and leaves can be tied into a handful of high-quality hay and hung in the suckling lamb pen; it can also be cut short and chopped into the lamb feeding trough to allow it to feed freely.

The supply of mixed concentrate can begin at 20 days after the lamb is born. The blending and feeding amount of mixed concentrate varied according to feed quality and lamb lactation. At first, it should be fed with digestible starch feed, and legume feed and high-fat diet should be gradually increased. Before 50 days of birth, protein nutrition is mainly provided by breast milk; 50 days after birth, protein nutrition should be transferred to forage, so soybean cakes should be added to the diet to improve the level of protein in the diet. Feed mixed concentrate should be fed less and more often, feed frequently, do not waste enough, and be fresh in texture.

two。 Lambs are usually weaned at about 4 months after birth. Well-developed lambs or ewes that give birth to two babies a year can be weaned in advance, while poorly developed lambs or lambs reserved for breeding can be put off weaning appropriately. If it is a single lamb, take one weaning; if it is two or more lambs, and the development is irregular, you can take several times of weaning, the well-developed lambs will be weaned first, and the poorly developed lambs will be left behind and continue to breast-feed with the mother.

Before weaning, lambs should be trained to eat a lot of forage grass so that their growth and development will not be affected by weaning. After weaning, lambs should graze on high-quality pasture so that they can feed on a large amount of forage to supplement their nutritional needs. Lambs should keep the environment stable after weaning, otherwise the lambs will feel uneasy and bark, thus affecting their health.

(2) breeding rams

Breeding rams should have medium or upper-middle body fat, healthy, lively, energetic, exuberant libido and good semen quality. Male goats that are too fat or too thin are not conducive to breeding.

1. Feed for breeding rams can be adapted to local conditions. The nutritional value of the feed should be high, easy to digest and good palatability. it is necessary to ensure that the breeding ram can eat a variety of green roughage every day. During the breeding period, protein-rich feeds such as bean cakes, peanut cakes and eggs should be given, as well as mineral-rich feeds such as salt and bone meal to ensure nutritional needs. Breeding rams should be grazed in groups and should be placed on pasture with good grass. during breeding, rams should adhere to the way of grazing and feeding, and feed rich in protein and minerals should be added on the basis of grazing and feeding. The method of supplementary feeding is to feed high quality green material and mixed concentrate after grazing.

two。 The management of the breeding ram, the breeding ram has 6 MUR 7 hours of exercise every day, including grazing. Lack of exercise will lead to loss of appetite, weakening of digestion or constipation, affecting ejaculation and sperm motility of breeder rams.

In addition, we should pay attention to the number of mating times, generally daily mating or semen collection twice, individual healthy breeding ram should be bred or collected 3 times a day at most.

Male and female breeder sheep should be divided into male and female groups when they are raised in the house, with a single column. When grazing, male and female sheep should also be grazed in groups and should be placed on different pastures. Do not graze in mixed groups of male and female, as it is easy to have early matching and mismatch, and affect grazing and feeding. When it is hot, it is necessary to create cool conditions for breeding goats to improve their fecundity. Breeder rams should scrub their body surfaces every day to clean and promote blood circulation.

(3) breeding of ewes

According to its physiological stage, female goats can be divided into empty pregnancy, early pregnancy, late pregnancy and lactation.

1. The female goat during the empty pregnancy period is to maintain a good physical condition, and can normally estrus, ovulate and conceive. For this reason, grazing is often used. As long as grazing is done, there is no need for replenishment. If the body is too thin, take short-term preferential feeding measures.

two。 The development of the fetus in the early stage of pregnancy is relatively slow, and the nutrients needed are no more than those in the empty period. Generally grazing and raising, as long as the pasture grass is exuberant, the forage nutrients eaten by grazing goats can be satisfied every day, but hay can be added in the withered season. Allow the female goats in the early stage of pregnancy to feed.

3. The fetus grows rapidly in the third trimester, and 80% of the birth weight increases during this period. If the nutrition of female goat is insufficient, the survival rate of newborn lamb is low, and the disease resistance is low, which can easily cause death; if the nutrition is not balanced and lack of calcium and phosphate mineral feed, it is also easy to cause postpartum paralysis of female goat. Therefore, on the basis of grazing, it is necessary to supplement feed that is high in protein and minerals and rich in vitamins, such as high-quality green materials and mixed green materials (the formula for reference is: corn 50%, wheat bran 12%, bean cake 20%, barley 15%. Salt 1%, bone meal 2%. Female goats in the later stage of pregnancy can not graze in the rainy season, and feed with small size, easy digestion and high nutritional value should be gradually added. Within 3 days before delivery, it is best not to feed concentrate, but only hay, to prevent indigestion or mastitis.

Pregnant female goats should pay attention to protect the fetus, prevent miscarriage, separate from the sheep, take good care of them, avoid remote grazing, or graze on slopes and depressions to prevent rapid walking, galloping, fighting and strenuous activities. It is strictly forbidden to beat pregnant goats. In management, we should also pay attention to keeping clean and dry environmental conditions, and do a good job in cleaning and disinfecting enclosures and appliances.

4. Feeding of lactating ewes

The nutrition of lactating lambs mainly depends on ewes. The nutritional level of pregnant ewes is directly related to the development and postpartum lactation ability of lambs, and affects the normal growth and development of lambs. In addition to good grass and good feed, ewes should also be supplemented with succulent feed (carrots, etc.), minerals (such as 1% bone meal and 0.8% salt) and vitamins, so as to make ewes feed diversified, palatable and easy to digest.

General management techniques of goats

(1) Transitional feeding

It is mainly aimed at the measures taken for house feeding goats. For the goats that need to be raised in the house, if the goats in the original introduction land adopt the method of grazing, then when the sheep are introduced, the adaptive domestication of house feeding should be carried out first, the method is, in the first two days after the introduction of the sheep, grazing was carried out in accordance with the feeding mode of the original introduction land, and from the third day, the daily grazing time was one hour less than that of the previous day, until all grazing was stopped. Full house feeding is carried out.

In addition, after the new group of sheep, there should also be an adaptive feeding stage, which is beneficial for sheep to adapt to the new environment and forage. In particular, the adoption of the new facilities must be trained for about a week to adapt to the new facilities and get used to feeding and preparing diets.

(2) feeding in groups: goats are raised in groups and in circles according to their sex and different physiological stages, which is convenient for feeding and management. Such as ram, empty ewe, pregnant ewe, parturient ewe, breeding sheep, fattening sheep and so on. The implementation of group feeding can reduce the economic losses caused by improper management.

Castration: timely ligation and castration of unqualified rams (from 2 weeks to 1 month of age) and elimination of big rams. Surgical operation or rubber band ligation is generally used. Long pain is not as good as short pain, so the operation method is better than rubber band ligation. After castration, the ram can reduce feed consumption, improve feed remuneration, and increase the ability of fat accumulation in the body. at the same time, Capricorn (castrated sheep) is also popular in the market and the price is high.

(4) de-horning: it should be done at the age of 1-2 weeks, and the ram had better not exceed 10 days old. Going to the corner will help to reduce the fight.

(5) hoof trimming: goats' hooves grow faster, especially in the case of shed feeding or less exercise, if the hoof is not trimmed in time, it can often lead to sheep body deformation, difficulty in walking and so on. The hoof trimming should be carried out when the hoof shell is wet after the rain, first take out the dirt of the hoof shell, and then cut off the excess hoof shell.

(6) brushing and shearing: brushing can promote the blood circulation of the skin and make goats more docile and easier to raise. For rams, since urination often places urine on the long hair, skin or beard of the forelegs and chest, causing an unpleasant stench, it is best to cut off the long hair. For lactating ewes, the long hair around the breast and the inside of the legs should be cut off to ensure breast hygiene and reduce the incidence of lamb disease.

five。 Reproduction and breeding of Goat

(1) proestrus

Proestrus refers to the period when ewes ovulate for the first time and rams release sperm for the first time, which is the initial stage of sexual maturity. The proestrus of female goats is affected by breed, temperature, nutrition and other factors, and generally occurs at the age of 4-8 months. Goats cannot be mated at proestrus, and even if they are mated, they usually cannot conceive normally.

(2) sexual maturity and first mating age

When the reproductive organs of goats are fully developed and mature sexual cells begin to form in the gonads, it is called sexual maturity. After sexual maturity, the sexual activity of goats is usually called estrus.

The first mating age of goats depends on the breed, growth and development, feeding and management conditions and production needs. Early mating will affect the growth and development of lambs, and too late mating is disadvantageous to production. Generally speaking, in the case of good feeding and management conditions, ewes can be mated at the age of 6 ~ 8 months, and the feeding and management conditions are slightly worse, so it is appropriate to breed at the age of 8 ~ 10 months; they can also begin to mate and breed when the body weight reaches about 70% of the annual sheep body weight. At the age of 6 to 10 months, individuals with good physical development can undertake the task of mild breeding, and the burden is half of that of adult rams. First match

The age of reproduction and utilization of goats is generally 8-9 years old, and the optimum age for reproduction is 3-Mel 6 years old.

(3) estrus and sexual cycle

The interval between the last estrus and the next estrus is called the estrous cycle. The average estrus cycle of goats is between 18 and 24 days, with an average of 21 days.

Goats can be in estrus all the year round, but mainly in spring and autumn, with the most concentrated in autumn. Estrus can be reproduced 40 days after giving birth to lambs.

Ewes have three changes in estrus: first, they are excited and restless in spirit, loss of appetite, wrestling with the same flock of sheep, stopping ruminating, chirping, wagging their tails, having the desire to mate, actively approaching the ram, standing still when the ram is chasing or climbing, and climbing over other ewes. Second, changes in the reproductive tract, vulva relaxation, congestion, swelling, clitoris erection, vaginal congestion, relaxation, and secretion of mucus. The uterine orifice is flabby, congested, swollen and secretes mucus. The third is the change of ovary. In the first two days of estrus, the follicle develops rapidly, the follicular intima thickens, the follicular fluid increases, the follicle protrudes on the surface of the ovary, and the egg is surrounded by granulosa cells. Ewes generally show estrus 2-3 days after weaning, so they should lead rams to match in time. In daily management, reserve ewes entering the breeding period should be allowed to "get along" with mature rams for 1-2 hours on the playground every day to stimulate their estrus and timely breeding.

(4) timely mating and mating methods

The duration of estrus in goats is 24 Mel 48 hours. Ovulation usually begins 40 hours after the beginning of estrus, and the timely mating time is 24 hours after estrus. It is generally found in the morning that ewes can breed once in the afternoon and again in the next morning. If ewes are found to be in estrus in the afternoon, they should be matched once in the morning and once again in the afternoon, so they are more sure to match. In the first half month of mating, ewes should not only be given sufficient high-quality forage grass, but also feed a certain amount of mixed concentrate every day to ensure adequate nutrition, estrus breeding on time and the production of twin lambs. When raised in captivity in large groups, breeding should be planned. Spring should be concentrated in March to April, autumn lambs, lambs can pass the winter smoothly, to ensure that fattening lambs no more than two winters.

Mating methods include natural mating, artificial assisted mating, artificial insemination and so on.

(1) Natural mating is also called Benjiao, that is, rams and ewes are raised separately at ordinary times, and the breeding season is grouped according to the proportion of 6 rams per 100 ewes for free mating.

(2) artificial assisted mating is usually raised and managed separately for rams and ewes. When ewes are in estrus, they are bred under artificial control according to the pre-selected excellent rams. This method can reduce the feeding amount of breeder rams, and each breeder ram can breed 60,80 ewes.

(3) artificial insemination is a more advanced way of insemination by using instruments to take semen from rams by artificial means, and then to inject semen into the reproductive tract of ewes by means of semen quality examination and a series of treatments.

six。 Do a good job in epidemic prevention and health work to reduce the incidence of diseases

Under the condition of house feeding, the resistance of goats is weaker than that of wild grazing, so epidemic prevention and disease control is particularly important.

1. Improve environmental hygiene and clean the sheep shed, material trough and sink every day. Fill up the water depressions around the sheep house and on the sports ground, so that the urination ditch is smooth, do not accumulate water, and use high-efficiency and low-toxic mosquito repellent or fumigation. Every spring, summer and autumn, the sheep house and sports ground were sprayed with 0.02% quick-killing solution to kill mites and ticks.

The enclosure is disinfected regularly, once a month. The new ring should be disinfected before the goat is locked in, and the old ring should be disinfected when the goat goes out. Cross the disinfection ring house and appliance regularly. Generally use 30% hot plant ash water, or strong disinfectant or "Anlixiao" into 1000-1500 water spray disinfection. Or 2% fiery alkali solution, or 3% carbolic acid, or 2% formalin solution or 10% Mel 20% lime emulsion for spray disinfection. Flame spraying can also be used to kill enclosure parasites.

two。 Vaccination on time. Determine the type of immune disease according to the local epidemic situation. Generally speaking, the focus is on vaccination and comprehensive prevention and treatment of important infectious diseases such as goat pox, sheep fast epidemic, sheep infectious pleuropneumonia, lamb dysentery, streptococcosis, brucellosis, "No. 5 disease" and infectious pustules. General prevention is generally carried out once a year from March to April to ensure that the vaccination rate of the above vaccines in sheep reaches 100%. The daily sick sheep should be isolated and treated in time, and the dead sheep should be buried in time to find out the cause of death. The various vaccines are described as follows:

① sheep colibacillosis inactivated vaccine was injected subcutaneously, 2 ml per adult sheep, 1 ml under 3 months old, immunity period for half a year. 2Murray 8 ℃ preservation, valid for 18 months.

② inactivated vaccine of sheep streptococcosis. The epidemic was prevented once in March and September every year, and the immune period was half a year. 5 milliliters were injected subcutaneously into the tail root, and 3 milliliters per animal at the age of 6 months.

③ sheep pox chicken embryo attenuated vaccine. To prevent sheep pox, inoculate every year from March to April with an average injection of 0.50 ml for one year, no matter how big or small.

④ sheep quadruple vaccine (fast epidemic, sudden onset, enterotoxemia, lamb dysentery). Every year from the end of February to the beginning of March and September, each animal was immunized subcutaneously or intramuscularly with 5 ml.

⑤ sheep infectious pleurisy aluminum hydroxide vaccine, subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. At the age of 6 months, each animal was 3 ml, and over 6 months old, each animal was 5 ml. The immune period was 1 year.

⑥ lamb dysentery aluminum hydroxide vaccine is specially injected for pregnant ewes to obtain passive immunity by feeding the lambs with milk. Two injections were given at 30 days before birth and 20 days after birth, and 2 ml and 3 ml were injected subcutaneously on the inside of the two hindlegs, respectively. The immune period was 5 months.

⑦ "fifth disease" foot-and-mouth disease vaccine:

3. Adhere to regular deworming. Parasites not only consume a lot of nutrients of sheep, but also secrete toxins, destroying the function of the digestive system of sheep, so it should be dewormed. There are many parasites that affect the growth of mutton sheep, mainly including:

① parasites on the digestive system of nematodes, round worms, taeniasis, trematodes. Especially in the south, where it is dark and damp, parasites in the digestive system are more common. Different deworming methods are used for different parasites. A variety of nematodes and roundworms in sheep can be eliminated by intramuscular injection of levamisole at 8 mg per kilogram of body weight, and albendazole at 15 mg per kg body weight can drive away Fasciola hepatica and tapeworms. Levamisole tablets and albendazole tablets can also be used alternately. Levamisole tablets (oral 10mg/kg weight, once a day, for 6-10 days), albendazole (oral 10~20mg/kg body weight, once a day, for 3 days), ivermectin (subcutaneous injection according to 0.2mg/ kg), etc., should be given on an empty stomach in the morning, and only drink water and graze 3 hours after administration. Attention should be paid to observation after administration, and symptoms of poisoning and discomfort should be rescued in time. With Xuechongjing, intramuscular injection of 2-3 mg per kilogram of body weight can drive away the eperythrozoon in the blood. In areas where trematodes are prevalent, nitrochlorophenol tablets are used to disinfect worms once a year in the season of Lesser Fullness of Grain and Frosts Descent, with a dosage of 7mg/kg body weight, and once taken. In order to achieve an ideal deworming effect, a scientific deworming procedure must be established. Sheep are dewormed twice a year, once in Spring and Autumn. At the same time of the whole group deworming, the sheep house and its surrounding environment must be thoroughly disinfected.

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