The sudden rise of mechanized hole direct seeding of rice in Shanghai

Editor's note: at present, the rice planting area in Shanghai has reached more than 1.4 million mu. When rice mechanized hole direct seeding technology was first introduced in Shanghai in 2012, only a few hundred mu were popularized. Several years have passed, and the popularized area of the city has grown to 370800 mu this year. Why can this technology emerge as a new force in Shanghai? Compared with manual sowing and mechanical transplanting, what are the advantages of this technique? What are the risks? How to promote in order to give full play to its effectiveness? In this regard, the reporter went deep into the suburbs of Shanghai to conduct an investigation.

1. Saving labor, reducing cost, high efficiency and controllable precision

At the mention of mechanized hole direct broadcast of rice, Zhu Liudong, a farmer in Dongjing Town, Songshan District, Shanghai, gave a thumbs up: "this new rice planting technology not only saves the link of raising rice seedlings, saves labor, and reduces the cost." moreover, the ventilation and light transmittance of rice planting is good, the lodging resistance is also stronger, and the 1000-grain weight is also increased. "

There is a tradition of direct seeding in rice cultivation in Shanghai, which was dominated by artificial sowing in the past. "however, due to the changes in the structure of the rural labor force in recent years, there are fewer and fewer experienced farmers, and the sowing technology is not as mature as it used to be." Zhu Min, director of the Shanghai Agricultural Machinery Evaluation and Promotion Station, told reporters, "in addition, artificial sowing is difficult to be uniform, crop seedlings are obviously disordered, and the risk of diseases and insect pests such as rice sheath blight and rice planthopper is increasing day by day. Therefore, there is a wide demand in Shanghai for mechanized live broadcasting instead of manual broadcasting. "

Compared with artificial sowing, the primary advantage of mechanized hole direct seeding of rice is high efficiency, which is suitable for moderate scale operation in the form of family farm in Shanghai. "the area of the family farm is generally 100,200 mu, and now the rice hole direct seeding machine we popularize has a working efficiency of more than 8 mu / hour. it only takes two days to complete all the sowing operations, and the emergence of seedlings is also orderly and orderly, which is conducive to field management in the later stage." Zhu Min said.

Especially since the promotion of rice-wheat rotation and straw burning back to the field, the advantage of precision controllability of rice hole direct seeding machine has become more prominent. "the mechanical operation has the functions of ditching, ridging, leveling stubble and sowing. Rice seeds are sown in the sowing ditch according to the set distance, and the ditches on both sides of the sowing ditch can play the role of drainage and water storage. This is suitable for rice planting after straw returning to the field, because the artificially sown seeds are easy to stay on the surface of the straw, which not only greatly reduces the budding rate, but also takes shallow roots and is easy to lodge. " Zhu Min said, "in addition, after the seeds' hit 'into the hole, the management of water land and precision fertilization should be followed up at the same time. Rice has good ventilation and light transmittance, deep roots, and strong lodging resistance. Mechanical hole direct seeding saves about 0.5 kilograms of seeds per mu than artificial sowing, and increases by more than 5 percent over artificial sowing mu. Last year, a high-yield demonstration square had a yield of 802 kilograms per mu. "

Another advantage of mechanized hole direct seeding of rice is its low cost. Zhao Zhipeng, Science Popularization Department of the Shanghai Agricultural Science and Technology Service Center, was quite impressed by this: "our popular machine transplanting rice seedlings need to raise seedlings 18 to 20 days in advance, after soil collection, soil crushing, sowing, darkening, handling, raising seedlings, and so on. Finally, we have to transport the seedling tray to the field, any of which is inseparable from manual work. The use of mechanized hole live broadcast, only saving labor costs, has been recognized by more and more farmers in the suburbs of Shanghai. "

Zhang Ping, director of the agricultural machinery service station in Dongjing Town, Songjiang District, Shanghai, told the reporter that the rice hole direct seeding machine needs about 1.5 manpower for each operation, while the machine transplanting rice seedlings needs 60.7 manpower for a single operation due to the handling and installation of seedling trays. In terms of yield, the yield of mechanized hole direct seeding is higher than that of manual sowing, and the yield per mu of rice transplanting is the same, but at present, the cost of mechanical transplanting is about 150 yuan per mu, while hole direct seeding is only more than 30 yuan.

In addition, the seedling tray has higher requirements for matrix soil, which must be about 15 cm of mature soil on the surface of the field, and there can be no impurities such as bricks and stones. "however, for Shanghai, soil resources are indeed very tight. It can be said that the shortage of nursery soil greatly limits the further promotion of mechanical transplanting. " Chen Yong, director of the Agricultural Machinery Management Institute in Songjiang District, Shanghai, believes that the mechanized hole direct seeding of rice is efficient, eliminating the link of raising seedlings and avoiding the constraints of tight soil resources. Today, when the price of rural labor is becoming more and more expensive and the comparative benefit of rice planting is declining, the labor saving of this technology means that the production cost is greatly reduced. It is precisely because of the comprehensive advantages in saving costs and increasing efficiency in rice production that this technology can be rapidly popularized in the suburbs of Shanghai.

2. Higher technical requirements for the coexistence of advantages and risks

Although the mechanized hole direct seeding technology of rice is good, the technical requirements are relatively high in practical application. If it is not operated properly, it will cause certain risks. "in order to popularize the mechanized hole direct seeding technology of rice, we must overcome the three major problems of soil preparation, weeding and seed." Shanghai Pudong New area Agricultural Machinery Technology extension Station Director Shen Caibiao said.

The "three hurdles" mentioned by Shen Caibiao vividly points out the three major risks of this technology. First, the risk of tillage and land preparation. If the ploughing and land preparation is uneven and the drainage is not good, the seeds will be drowned by stagnant water in low-lying areas, affecting the evenness and budding rate of sowing.

Second, the risk of weeding. Different from machine transplanting rice seedlings in paddy field, there is no stagnant water on the farmland surface using rice mechanized hole direct seeding technology, and weeds are easy to grow with rice at the same time, which is extremely difficult to control once the outbreak occurs. In addition, the uneven field will also affect the process of mechanized operation.

Third, the risk of seed soaking to accelerate germination. The mechanized hole direct seeding technology of rice requires that the seed surface layer must reach a certain degree of dryness and maintain a certain bud length. If the germination technology is improper, the emergence rate will be reduced and the seedlings will be uneven. In addition, the time difference between agricultural machinery operation and seed soaking and budding should be co-ordinated, otherwise it may cause the phenomenon of "machine waiting for field" and "field waiting for machine".

It can be seen that if the application of technology does not pass, it will also lead to a reduction in rice production. In fact, in order to reduce grass damage, herbicides must be used in rice mechanized hole direct seeding technology. Herbicides are generally used three times after paddy field pulping and raking, 3-5 days after mechanical sowing and three-leaf period. Therefore, herbicides are generally used once more than machine transplanting, and the amount of herbicides is more and the technical requirements are more difficult than machine transplanting.

"in addition, the promotion of mechanized hole direct seeding technology of rice should also consider regional ecological conditions, which does not mean that it can be popularized everywhere, and special attention should be paid to the temperature and light resources in the promotion area." Zhu Min believes that at present, across the country, especially in the rice producing areas north of the Yangtze River, machine transplanting is still the most scientific and advanced rice planting technology because of insufficient accumulated temperature. Even in Shanghai, mechanical transplanting and mechanized hole direct seeding have their own advantages and disadvantages, and farmers' understanding of the two is not unified.

3. Demonstration of agronomic integration of agricultural machinery according to local conditions

The key to what kind of rice planting technology should be adopted is to adjust measures to local conditions. "for example, hybrid rice is more suitable for mechanical transplanting, while conventional rice is more suitable for hole direct seeding." Sun Linjun, general manager of Shanghai Shidar Modern Agricultural Machinery Co., Ltd., pointed out: "the choice of equipment and technology should be comprehensively considered according to specific factors such as crop varieties, natural conditions, and social benefits."

"the mechanized hole direct seeding technology of rice cannot be pushed mechanically, and a plan must be formulated according to the actual conditions of each district and county. At the same time, demonstration and guidance should be carried out one step at a time in accordance with the steps of first testing, then demonstrating, and then popularizing. " Zhu Min said, "for example, Baoshan and Minhang districts in Shanghai are close to the central urban area, and extension machines are more suitable for transplanting rice seedlings. On the one hand, hybrid japonica rice has a large area and is suitable for transplanting seedlings by machine. On the other hand, the use of herbicides can be appropriately reduced by machine transplanting, which is conducive to the development of ecological agriculture. For urban agriculture, in addition to economic benefits, we should also pay attention to the ecological benefits of agriculture, especially in the urban suburbs, to prevent agricultural non-point source pollution and protect the urban ecological environment in an important position. "

Rice mechanized hole direct seeding technology has sprung up in Shanghai in recent years, in addition to the advantages of the technology itself, the promotion of mechanical integration has also made great contributions. "from the beginning of studying the extension plan, both agricultural machinery and agronomic departments have to get involved. If it is made into two skins, each singing its own play, it will easily cause risks such as grass damage and production reduction. " Zhu Min told reporters, "the biggest feature of all districts and counties with good results in promotion and application is the deep integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy, and the risk has been effectively controlled."

The end users and beneficiaries of hole live broadcast technology are farmers, so it is very important to strengthen the training of farmers. "two points should be paid attention to in training, one is easy to understand, and the other is the integration of machinery and technology." Shen Caibiao said, "for example, we summarize the matters needing attention in the application of technology as' six essence', that is, selected stubble, actuarial sowing date, fine soil preparation, precise sprouting, precise weeding, and precision sowing."

In addition, the government's subsidy policy is also a good prescription for the promotion of this technology. It is understood that the price of a hole direct seeding machine in Shanghai is about 100000 yuan. after the government subsidizes the purchase of agricultural machinery, farmers can buy a machine with only about 20, 000 yuan. At present, the subsidy for hole direct seeding machine in Shanghai is generally about 30 yuan per mu, while the subsidy for machine transplanting is 80,100 yuan. "it can be said that the promotion of rice mechanized hole direct seeding technology is a win-win thing for the government, farmers and robots. Under the premise that the output remains unchanged, the government expenditure on financial subsidies has been reduced, the production cost and labor intensity of grain farmers have been reduced, and the income of robot operators has increased by expanding operational services. " Zhu Min said.

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What are the ways of planting rice?

Rice planting methods are generally divided into direct seeding, transplanting and throwing seedlings.

Live broadcast includes water live broadcast and dry live broadcast.

Transplanting includes manual transplanting and mechanical transplanting. Seedling throwing includes no-tillage (less) rice seedling throwing, seedling seedling throwing, paper tube seedling throwing, plastic pot seedling raising and seedling throwing, and non-plate dry seedling throwing.

What is direct seeding of rice?

Rice direct seeding is a way of sowing directly in the field without raising seedlings and transplanting process. it can be divided into hole sowing, sowing and strip sowing in addition to water direct seeding and dry direct seeding.

Hole sowing, also known as on-demand sowing, refers to digging holes at certain distances in the soil to sow seeds, which can effectively ensure the plant distance and density of sowing.

Sow the seeds evenly over the soil. The way of sowing is fast and time-saving, but the seeds are not easy to be evenly distributed and the amount of seeds is large. This method has been used for a long time, and many areas are still sowing seeds in this way.

Strip sowing is to sow seeds into the soil layer in rows according to a certain distance. In this way, the depth of seed sowing is consistent, and the seed distribution is more uniform. This sowing method has gradually replaced sowing in many places in recent years, and it is also widely used at present.