Forest reform, how to make farmers have a more "sense of achievement"?

According to the principle of "equalizing shares without dividing mountains and profits without dividing forests", Beijing basically completed the reform of collective forest ownership system in 2012, and farmers became shareholders of collective ecological forests. However, these ecological forests can not directly bring economic benefits, and farmers' income mainly comes from the ecological benefit compensation of 40 yuan per mu.

How to invigorate these sleeping woodland resources? Last year, Beijing began to carry out a pilot project of family forest farms, that is, on the premise of ensuring that the nature of forest land will not be changed and ecological benefits will not be affected, farmers are encouraged to obtain the right to operate collective ecological forests through contracts, and to develop under-forest cultivation, breeding or forest tourism, so as to obtain better economic benefits.

Under a lush forest, more than 100 mu of Scutellaria baicalensis is growing vigorously. In Hantai Village, Changping District, Beijing, Forest Farm owner Han Ruisheng told reporters happily, "this more than 100 mu of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, income of tens of thousands is not a problem!" In another month, I will have to plant another 80 mu. " In addition to carrying out under-forest planting, Han Ruisheng's family forest farm has also opened two under-forest farms, raising more than 1000 firewood chickens, which will produce 5500 jin of eggs a year; 100 cases of bees, which is expected to produce 5000 jin of honey a year, and the annual profit can reach 40, 000 yuan by planting and raising under the forest alone.

What is more gratifying is that while farmers have achieved considerable economic benefits, this small village in the depths of the mountains has become greener and greener. "for forest farmers, the quality of woodland is directly related to the growth of cash crops under the forest and the landscape effect of ecological leisure tourism. The conservation of woodland has changed from 'none of one's own business' to 'active management'." Changping District landscaping Bureau Section Chief Zhang Wenqing said.

Tens of millions of mu of green treasure need to be awakened.

Hantai Village is a pure mountain village in the west of Changping, where the remaining veins of Taihang Mountain and Yanshan meet. There are only more than 100 families in the small village. Due to the mountainous terrain, the forest coverage in the village is as high as 80%, with more than 16000 mu of collective ecological forest. There is a natural endowment of resources, but there has been no way to develop, and the people in the village can only stick to the green mountains and "dare not move". Due to neglect of management and protection, the forest on the mountain is not growing well and is full of weeds.

This is not the only case. Yan Lin, director of the Rural Forestry Reform and Development Department of the Beijing Municipal Gardening and Greening Bureau, said that there are 13.3 million mu of collective woodland in Beijing, of which only 2.6 million mu are commercial forests and 10.7 million mu are ecological forests. the varieties are mainly pine, cypress, poplar, locust and other ecological tree species, and its main function is to conserve ecology and does not directly produce economic benefits. Some mountain villages guard the green of the mountains, but they are unable to change their embarrassing lives. Since 2008, Beijing has implemented the ecological benefit promotion compensation mechanism through the reform of the collective forest right system, implementing "equalizing shares without dividing mountains, equalizing profits without dividing forests", "confirming rights and shares" to people, and giving ecological benefit compensation of 40 yuan per mu. However, due to the imperfect system, although farmers have received the corresponding compensation, they have not fulfilled the corresponding responsibility of woodland management and protection.

Since 2015, Beijing has launched a pilot project of family forest farms, which is to separate the ownership and management rights of forest land and invigorate the sleeping woodland resources. "this pilot project of the family forest farm is the deepening of the reform of the collective forest ownership system, and its purpose is to bring these ecological forests all over the suburbs of Beijing into the scope of contracted management, so that some idle or low-utilization forest land will gather to the big operators, so as to solve the problems of 'fragmentation' and abandoning management. At the same time, on the basis of protecting ecological forests, we should gradually relax the right to the use and management of woodland and invigorate forest resources, so as to increase farmers' income and enhance their enthusiasm for managing and protecting forests. " Yan Lin said.

According to Zhang Wenqing, according to different site conditions, you can contract for tens of yuan to hundreds of yuan per mu. With policy support, the villagers of the pilot village have also opened their minds. Some develop planting under the forest, while others plan to contract hundreds of mu of woodland for leisure tourism. The sleeping resources in the past have brought more hope to farmers.

The family forest farm can not only be managed by a single peasant household, but also be managed by a cooperative system and a joint-stock system.

After comprehensively considering the degree of mechanization, the geographical condition of woodland, the composition of family forest farms and other factors, the scale of family forest farms in Beijing is initially determined to be more than 100 mu, and it is better to be concentrated. The first batch of family forest farms pilot selected three areas, including not only Hantai Village, Changping District, but also Xianqi Valley, Zhangfang Town, Fangshan District and Ertaizi Village, Huairou District.

The family forest farm is open to the villagers in the pilot area. Any member of the village's collective economic organization who intends to engage in forestry production and management with a scale of more than 100 mu and holds a forestry or agricultural professional certificate can submit an application. The duration of these family forest farms is three years, which are mainly divided into three types: single peasant household forest farm, cooperative family forest farm and joint-stock family forest farm. Under the premise of protecting forest land, they develop under-forest planting, breeding or forest tourism, so as to obtain economic benefits.

Among them, Hantai Village mainly tries to cultivate single peasant household forest farm and cooperative family forest farm. "you can contract by one company, or you can cooperate with several companies. If you contract for more than 100 mu of mountain farms, you can declare a family forest farm." Zhang Wenqing said.

The family forest farm in Ertaizi Village, Liulimiao Town, Huairou District is a joint-stock forest farm composed of many families. The villagers buy shares with the woodland they have the right to use, sign a joint-stock cooperative forest management contract, agree on responsibility and power, and implement a collective shareholding system to pay dividends according to shares. Villagers participate in woodland production and management under the unified management of family forest farms, and at the same time, they can also obtain wage income, which significantly improves the enthusiasm of villagers. Last year, the highest income of villagers reached 18000 yuan.

In addition, Zhangfang Town, Fangshan District, Xianqi Valley, plans to create a large-scale and professional family forest farm through pilot projects.

Since 2015, alpinia angustifolia, Sophora flavescens, oil sunflower, Scutellaria baicalensis, Bupleurum, honeysuckle and other cash crops have been planted in the three pilot areas, as well as firewood chickens and bees. In terms of infrastructure, dams have been built in the pilot areas, and farmers' enthusiasm for starting a business to become rich has been ignited.

Planting and breeding under the forest, forest tourism, to protect the forest is to protect the rice bowl

For 10.7 million mu of ecological forest, whether it is developing eco-tourism or planting under the forest, the first prerequisite is to protect the ecology.

Hu Zhenqiang, a farmer from Bajia Village, Beizangcun Town, Daxing District, is a "forerunner" to develop the economy under the forest. Planting and breeding under the forest can bring him an additional income of 40,000 to 50,000 yuan every year. "the underforest economy means rational planting and breeding based on woodland resources. For example, by using the space under the forest to raise chickens, the forest can provide a good living environment for birds and improve breeding efficiency. In turn, poultry manure can provide fertilizer for forest trees and gradually form a benign ecological cycle system. If the forest is destroyed, the economy under the forest will become water without a source! " Lao Hu sees very clearly the relationship between ecological protection and economic development.

Before the pilot project of the family forest farm was carried out, the collective forest in the village was under the collective supervision of the village, and the management mode was relatively extensive. Things are very different these days. The family forest farm operator has obtained the management right of woodland, and not only obtains the income, but also undertakes the responsibility of forestland management and protection at the same time. Farmers prune trees regularly, buy corresponding insecticides and equipment, and tidy up the forest environment at any time. For example, Hantai Village combines the construction of family forest farms with forest health management projects to focus on nurturing the pilot areas, while also replanting colorful leaf tree species and ground cover. "as the forest becomes more and more beautiful, there will be more and more tourists." Green water and green mountains are Jinshan and Silver Mountains, and the villagers think very carefully.

In order to ensure that the concept of ecology first is put into practice, the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Landscape Architecture and Greening has also formulated a strict withdrawal mechanism for family farms: after obtaining the right to operate a family forest farm, they will not engage in forestry production and sublease the managed forest land without authorization. Those who falsely report the operating area, the use of prohibited pesticides affect the quality and safety of forest products and environmental safety, maliciously destroy vegetation, change the use of woodland, and so on, will all be disqualified as family forest farm operators.

"the pilot project of the family forest farm has just started, and there are still many difficulties." Yan Lin told reporters that Beijing's landscaping department will further improve relevant measures, guide family forest farm management activities, analyze and study relevant access and exit mechanisms, as well as family forest farm encouragement and transfer policies, explore the establishment of a policy integration mechanism, and further absorb new family forest farmers who are willing to participate. "in the future, we hope to see more and more suburban farmers return to their villages to manage woodland and become skilled forest farmers in the new era. I hope the forests in Beijing are becoming more and more beautiful, and the pockets of farmers in the suburbs of Beijing are getting bigger and bigger. "