Who will be responsible for modern agriculture?

With the comprehensive launch of a series of reforms, such as the pilot project of registration and certification of rural land contractual management rights, new types of subjects represented by family farms and farmers' cooperatives continue to emerge. However, the reporter found in the survey that some places have a tendency to pull out seedlings and encourage the cultivation of new business entities. In response to this problem, experts said that on the one hand, it is necessary to take measures in accordance with local conditions and comprehensively consider various factors to find a way of development that suits the local reality; on the other hand, it is necessary to constantly improve relevant policies and environment, and solve new and old problems such as difficulties in land use, financing and information asymmetry as soon as possible.

"We can not only see that farmers are aging, part-time, and low-educated, but also that new business entities are becoming the backbone of the development of modern agriculture." In a recent interview, the words of a retired cadre of the Bureau of Agriculture in Jilin City, Jilin Province, resonated with reporters.

At present, the pilot project of registration and issuance of rural land contractual management rights has covered 22 provinces and 74% of villages. The confirmed land area in the country has reached more than 560 million mu, and the area of land transfer exceeds 1/3 of the total cultivated land area contracted by households. The land foundation for the development of new business entities, such as large professional households, family farms, farmers' cooperatives and leading enterprises, has been very solid. At present, there are nearly 2.7 million family farms, farmers' cooperatives and leading enterprises nationwide, and more than 3.4 million professional households operating more than 50 mu of arable land, and the agricultural products and processed products they provide account for more than 1/3 of the market supply.

The main body of farming has changed quietly.

"Family farms are better than economies of scale, with small profits and quick turnover." Li Weihe, 46, is a family farmer in Datan Street, Huangpi District, Wuhan, Hubei Province. Ten years ago, he took advantage of the wasteland in the village to grow fruits and vegetables. Five years ago, his Weihe family farm was set up. After the continuous transfer of land, the scale has been expanded to more than 200 mu, mainly planting potato tips and fresh sweet corn and other special fruits and vegetables. In the summer, in dozens of vegetable sheds, workers kept harvesting, simply packing and sending them to nearby farmers' markets.

Potato tips are well planted and rarely grow worms. They can be picked 30 days after planting, and the benefit is very good. Li Weihe calculated an account for the reporter and planted 30 mu of potato tips. During the harvest season, 2000 jin can be picked every day, and each jin can be sold for an average of 2 yuan. "employees collect potato tips, which requires 20 workers a day, and one person costs 100 yuan for labor. After deducting other costs, the break-even price per jin is 1.5 yuan, which makes a net profit of 50 cents per jin. In general, the income of farmers growing potato tips is definitely not high. But for me, because of the economies of scale, the total profit is still considerable. " Li Weihe said.

Coincidentally, Li Fengyu, a farmer in Keshan County of Heilongjiang Province and chairman of the Renfa Agricultural Machinery Cooperative, also loves farming. "Last year, the total income of the cooperative was 90.55 million yuan, with a surplus of 41.96 million yuan. The farmers who joined the cooperative paid a dividend of 708 yuan per mu, which was more than 400 yuan more than the average income of local non-cooperative farmers per mu." Li Fengyu said: at the beginning of its establishment, the cooperative used 350 yuan per mu as a guaranteed dividend, and the year-end surplus implemented a secondary dividend; the surplus generated by the state subsidy funds was distributed equally among the members; and major decision-making matters were "one person, one vote". As soon as these promises were launched, they soon attracted the attention of farmers, and 15000 mu of arable land in three neighboring villages joined the cooperative.

Family farms and farmers' cooperatives are important forms of a new type of agricultural management. Statistics show that in recent years, farmers' cooperatives have developed rapidly, with an increase of 30, 000 per month, with a total of more than 1.64 million. 877000 family farms across the country operate an area of 176 million mu of arable land, with an average operating scale of 200 mu. The reporter learned that these new subjects actively apply new concepts and technologies, carry out diversified operations such as planting and breeding cycle, integration of production and marketing, leisure and tourism, and develop new forms of business such as credit cooperation, e-commerce, and membership consumption. it has reaped the dividend of technological progress and industrial integration, and injected vitality into the ancient agricultural industry. With the continuous emergence of new types of subjects, the phenomenon of old people farming and women farming is beginning to change.

Heroes are not judged by scale.

For the new main body, of course, a small area can not achieve economies of scale, but the larger the scale, the better.

After years of increasing production of rice, Zhao Zikun, a family farmer in Wuhan, has tasted the benefits of increasing income. The annual net income of 280 mu of land is more than 150000 yuan, but he does not want to expand the scale, mainly because "the area is too large to manage manpower." cost-income accounting is not cost-effective. A person from the Wuhan Rural Economic Administration told reporters, "for family farms, Wuhan focuses on guidance and does not blindly develop on a large scale." According to local regulations, family farmers must be farmers with rural household registration in the city and engaged in agricultural production, and must have more than five years of experience in farming.

In Shanghai, 3734 grain family farms operate 490000 mu of rice, accounting for more than 40% of the city's rice area. "Shanghai determines the land management scale of family farms according to the level of local rural labor transfer and employment and land transfer." Yin ou, deputy director of the Shanghai Municipal Committee of Agriculture, said: it is necessary to strike a balance between fairness and efficiency, guide its development with policy means and identification standards, and prevent excessive concentration of land from the current development conditions. From the perspective of practice, each district and county has formed its own appropriate scale standard of grain family farm, the low limit is 80 mu to 150 mu, and the high Songjiang area, such as sufficient labor transfer, is limited to 200 mu to 300 mu.

In the survey, the reporter found that most places can guide different business entities to innovate and develop appropriate modes of operation and organizational forms according to the characteristics of different industries and products. In the field of major agricultural products such as grain, cotton, oil and sugar, in order to achieve high yield, the mode of "scale operator + social service" is adopted; in the field of horticultural production such as fruit, vegetable and tea, in order to improve the quality, the mode of "scale production base + cooperative" is adopted; in the field of aquaculture, in order to ensure safety, the mode of "scale farm + leading enterprise" is adopted, which greatly enriches the mode of interest connection between different subjects.

However, in some places, the cultivation of new business entities focuses on quantity rather than quality, strives for speed, pulls out seedlings and encourages them, and one-sidedly pursues a single model; some places are willing to introduce large enterprises and big capital, while excluding farmers. In some places, enterprises engaged in agricultural production have been directly replaced with the name of "family farm", some have directly put ordinary farmers under the name of "large farmers," and some cooperatives have only pooled the number of people, and have not achieved unified management. become a "shell cooperative". These practices will cause great damage to agricultural production.

At present, many places are enthusiastic about developing new types of subjects and have introduced incentive measures one after another. Industry experts believe that the development of a new type of business main body should take what kind of way, there is no ready-made model to follow, suitable business scale is also different, various localities need to adapt measures to local conditions. However, no matter what means or measures are adopted, we should adhere to the principle of seeking truth from facts and avoid the tendency to be eager for success. The speed and scale of the development of new business entities should be determined by considering the constraints of objective conditions such as resource endowment and development level, as well as agricultural socialized service system, rural social security system, and the degree of transfer of rural labor force.

The growing troubles of new farmers

At present, under the influence of factors such as the rise in land rent and labor prices, and the overall decline in the prices of grain and other major agricultural products, the phenomenon of new operators "returning land and rent and waiting to see" has appeared in some areas of the main grain producing areas. in addition, the old problems such as difficulty in land use, financing and insurance have not yet been completely solved, and the interweaving of new and old problems has affected the development of appropriate scale operation of agriculture to a certain extent.

A number of major professionals told reporters that their greatest wish is to have a market information platform so that they can grasp the latest and most accurate price information of agricultural products and adjust the planting structure in a timely manner. Since last autumn, several meetings have been held in the village to adjust the planting structure.

Talking about this year's planting plan, Zhou Guoqiang, a big grain grower in Yongsheng Village, Baicheng City, Jilin Province, seems hesitant. "if you don't plant corn, what will you plant?" In recent years, sorghum can not be sold, mung beans go up and lose money, and the price of miscellaneous grains goes up and down.

Compared with ordinary farmers, family farms are more risky and need timely price information. Li Weihe said that his family has 150 mu of sweet corn, two seasons a year, and the labor cost of one mu of land is not less than 1000 yuan. In recent years, there are more and more farmers growing fresh sweet corn around, and the price of sweet corn has fallen sharply. He suggested that the relevant departments can timely publish seed sales information, so that growers can understand the planting area of the year and make timely adjustments.

At present, the capital demand of the new agricultural operators is strong, but the overall supply of rural finance is insufficient. With the exception of individual capital-intensive family farms, the vast majority of financial strength is relatively weak, different farmers have similar concerns, that is, the difficulty of loans. A survey by the Land transfer Center of Luanxian County, Hebei Province shows that each 1.5 mu solar greenhouse needs 80,000 yuan for one-time fixed investment. Although there is a funding gap, few family farmers go to the bank for loans, in part because there is no collateral. Wang Jianping, director of the center, said, "the main reason is that the land is transferred and the bank does not approve it."

Compared with a few years ago, mainly in the land outflow, inflow links to increase subsidies, in recent years, more places began to focus on solving the new main production and management problems. The difficulty of grain drying is the most urgent and realistic difficulty after the transformation of traditional small farmers into a new type of business main body. Since the beginning of this year, Shanghai has begun to build grain drying facilities in an all-round way, with 50% subsidy for facility construction, and plans to basically complete the capacity building of drying 30,000 tons of grain a day by 2020, so that the grain harvest will not fall to the ground.

"New types of agricultural operators are booming, and the demand for social services is increasing. In the future, it is necessary to speed up the construction of a new type of agricultural socialized service system that combines public welfare services with business services. " Han Changfu, minister of agriculture, said: at present, all kinds of new types of agricultural operators are still in their infancy, their own strength is not strong, and they still face a lot of problems, so they should take measures according to the characteristics of different subjects and provide classified guidance in accordance with local conditions. implement differential support policies. At present, the focus is to solve the bottleneck problems faced by the development of new agricultural operators, and to strengthen support in agricultural subsidies, capital rewards, project construction, financial services, agricultural insurance and tax registration, and constantly improve its own strength and development vitality.