Development status of Waterfowl Industry in China

China's waterfowl industry includes meat duck, egg duck and goose industries, providing consumers with 7 million tons of safe, high-quality and healthy duck meat, 1.4 million tons of goose meat and 4.5 million tons of duck eggs every year, as well as 50, 000 tons of duck and goose down for the textile industry. China is rich in waterfowl breed resources, and has initially formed an improved breed breeding system that can meet the needs of diversified duck and goose meat consumption. However, it is still necessary to strengthen breed selection and establish a diversified, differentiated and specialized breed breeding system in order to solve the contradiction between waterfowl meat quality and demand and improve the economic value and benefit of waterfowl breeding. The mode of waterfowl breeding in China is in the stage of transformation and upgrading from "extensive to environment-friendly". Therefore, we should speed up the research and development of resource utilization technology of waterfowl excrement and improve the utilization efficiency. In recent years, China has systematically put forward a number of data on the nutritional requirements of ducks and geese, and formulated scientific and practical feeding standards for Chinese ducks, which have significantly improved the scientific and technological content and feed utilization rate of Chinese duck feed, and promoted the healthy and efficient development of the duck industry. However, we should further study and establish the nutrition technology system of Chinese waterfowl in order to improve the effectiveness, science and practicability of feeding standards.

Waterfowl industry is a characteristic industry in China. In the past 30 years, the annual growth rate of duck and goose production in China has exceeded 5%. According to the survey data of the national waterfowl industry technology system, the annual output of Chinese meat ducks and geese reached the peak in 2011, with about 3.793 billion meat ducks and 7.69 million tons of meat production, and 495 million meat geese with meat production of 1.81 million tons. The meat output of ducks and geese accounts for about 3% of the total poultry output in China. In 2012, China's duck market entered a relatively stable period, and the number of meat ducks was the same as that in 2011. However, in March 2013, there were "outbreaks" of H7N9 influenza among non-farmers in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai. under the influence of numerous media reports, duck, goose and duck eggs had difficulties in circulation and consumption was greatly reduced. The number of meat ducks dropped by more than 25% in 2013, resulting in heavy losses in the industry.

The production of meat ducks, egg ducks and geese in China from 2014 to 2015 is shown in Table 1. In China, duck eggs are very popular with consumers. In 2015, the total output of duck eggs reached 4.22 million tons, accounting for 15% or 20% of the total production of poultry eggs. Goose down and duck down are very important products in the waterfowl industry, with an annual output of about 50, 000 tons and the value of primary products exceeding 15 billion yuan. At present, the industries of meat ducks, egg ducks and geese in China are concentrated in the economically developed parts of East China, South China and Southwest China. The annual production of meat ducks and egg ducks in 14 provinces, including Shandong, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Fujian, Henan, Guangdong, Hebei and Chongqing, account for more than 90% of the country's total. Guangdong, Sichuan, Chongqing, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Shandong, Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning are the main producing areas of meat geese in China, accounting for more than 90% of the country's total hurdles.

Specialized waterfowl breeds provide support for diversified consumption

Nearly 1 billion people consume duck meat, duck eggs and goose meat in China, and they are concentrated in the economically developed eastern, southern and some southwestern regions, and there are significant differences in the consumption characteristics of duck and goose meat in different regions. Beijing, Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan provinces and cities mainly roast and roast, among which Beijing Roast Duck has become the business card of Beijing food. Guangdong and Guangxi are famous for their roast geese and ducks; Jiangsu mainly consumes "saltwater duck and saltwater goose"; Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Sichuan and Chongqing mainly consume stewed duck and stewed goose, Duck Seasoned with Soy Sauce and soy sauce goose, plate duck, etc. Zhejiang mainly consumes old duck soup, stewed duck and white chopped goose. Shanghai mainly consumes stewed duck and goose, wind goose and so on. Different types of duck and goose meat products need to be supported by varieties with different production performance characteristics.

At present, the main breeds of meat ducks raised in China are Chinese Beijing duck, imported British Cherry Valley (CherryValley) company's Beijing duck and local sesame duck and so on. Among them, the Chinese Beijing duck breed accounts for only 10% to 15% of the market, the British Cherry Valley company's Beijing duck accounts for 65% to 70%, and the local sesame duck breed accounts for about 20%. The breeds of meat ducks from MapleLeafFarm of the United States and Orvia of France account for little market share. The muscovy ducks and semi-muscovy ducks of kelimerGroup Company of France are mainly raised in Fujian and its surrounding areas, with a large market share, with an annual output of more than 100 million, and more than 10 million in Taiwan.

There are two types of Beijing duck breeds native to China. One is the meat fat type Beijing duck breed, which has fast growth rate, thick subcutaneous fat and high sebum rate, which is suitable for processing Beijing roast duck and Guangdong roast duck food; the other is the lean Beijing duck breed with high breast and leg meat percentage and low sebum percentage, which is suitable for processing salted water duck, salted duck and stewed duck. For example, the 38-day-old commercial substitute meat duck of Chinese Beijing duck can reach 3.2kg, feed weight Prida 1.90, breast meat rate 15.5%, leg meat rate 12.5%, and its production performance reaches a very high level. The main varieties of local sesame ducks used in meat production in China are lace duck, Linwu duck and Ji'an red sesame duck. These local sesame ducks grow slowly and have good meat quality. They are mainly used for processing traditional duck foods such as salted water duck, stewed duck, salted duck and Duck Seasoned with Soy Sauce. Deeply welcomed by consumers.

In China, duck eggs are mainly consumed by Salted Duck Egg and preserved eggs. In Guangdong and Guangxi, preserved egg porridge is a home food for local residents. There are many kinds of egg ducks in China, which are unique. Shaoxing duck, Jinding duck, Shanma duck, Youxian duck and Jingjiang duck are all excellent local laying duck breeds. The egg production at 500 days old is 280 to 320, and the feed-egg ratio is between 2.65 and 2.85. Among them, after more than 20 years of systematic breeding, Shaoxing duck has formed the characteristics of high yield, early maturity and green shell. the first production age of its hybrid line is 108 days and 72 weeks old, the average egg weight is 69.8g, the ratio of feed to egg is 2.6515, the rate of green shell is 98%, and the annual stock is more than 80 million. Jinding duck is large and hardy, so it is suitable for raising in northern China. Adult female duck weighs 1.67kg and adult male duck weighs 1.60kg. It lays more than 280 eggs at 500 days old, the average egg weight is 72g, and the feed-egg ratio is 2.8515. Shan Ma duck is the smallest egg duck breed in China. It is mainly raised in Fujian and Zhejiang provinces. The body weight of adult female duck is 1.35kg and that of male duck is 1.32kg. It lays more than 300 eggs at 500 days old and the feed-egg ratio is 2.80. At present, consumers of duck eggs in China generally like to eat green-shell duck eggs. Therefore, Shaoxing duck, Jinding duck and Shanma duck mainly produce green shell duck eggs.

China is rich in meat goose breeds. Roast geese in Guangdong and Guangxi mainly use local gray goose breeds such as Shitou goose, Yangjiang goose and black mane goose as processing materials. Among them, Shitou goose is the largest and fastest growing goose species in China, with adult male geese weighing 8.5~9.5kg and female geese weighing about 8.0kg. Yanshui geese and wind geese in Jiangsu and Shanghai use local Yangzhou geese, northeast Huoyan geese and Sichuan white geese as raw materials. The consumption of stewed geese in Anhui, Sichuan and Chongqing is mainly based on local white-feathered meat geese such as Wanxi white goose and Sichuan white goose. Eastern Zhejiang White Goose is mainly used for processing "White chopped Goose" and is deeply loved by Zhejiang consumers. In the meat goose breeding industry, how to improve the reproductive performance and production efficiency of breeding geese in different regions is worthy of serious study.

The mode of waterfowl breeding in China is undergoing rapid transformation and upgrading.

The traditional feeding methods of meat ducks, egg ducks and geese in China are mainly raised and operated separately by small-scale farmers, with a low degree of industrialization, and most of them build breeding greenhouses along rivers, lakes and ponds, with poor infrastructure and equipment, and excreta is discharged directly into rivers and lakes, causing water pollution and often causing epidemic diseases.

In the past 10 years, with the improvement of the level of industrialization and the strengthening of breeders' environmental awareness, the breeding mode of meat ducks, egg ducks and geese has rapidly changed from hydroponics to indoor, off-water and dry farming. Meat ducks and egg ducks are mainly raised in indoor net beds and thick bedding materials. Duck net bed plus fermentation bed feeding and egg duck cage raising are developing rapidly in China, whose purpose is to directly convert duck excreta into organic fertilizer under the condition of aerobic fermentation, so as to reduce the pollution of duck excrement to the environment and water source. Under the policy encouragement and market regulation of the local government, the operation mode of meat duck and egg duck farming has developed rapidly to intensive, showing the management mode of "company + breeding base (cooperative) + peasant household". It has promoted the development of meat duck and egg duck breeding industry in the direction of standardization and environmental protection.

New changes have also taken place in the breeding mode of meat geese, mainly to develop a pollution-free meat goose industry far away from rivers, lakes and ponds, and the large-scale combination of agriculture and animal husbandry has developed rapidly. Recommended breeding of geese, recommended raising of geese in woodland, and indoor online breeding are the main ways of raising geese in our country at present.

Advances in nutrition and feed preparation technology provide support for the healthy development of waterfowl industry.

China's meat duck and egg duck industry consumes more than 35 million tons of mixed feed every year. The study and formulation of feeding standards suitable for the growth and development of Chinese ducks is very important to improve the feed utilization rate of ducks. In the past 10 years, China has accumulated a large number of scientific research data on duck nutrition and feed, and formulated Chinese duck feeding standards. According to the feeding standard, the growing period of commercial meat ducks was divided into three stages: 0-2-week-old nestling period, 3-5-week-old growing period and 6-week-old fattening period. breeder ducks were divided into six stages: nestling stage, growing period, breeding stage, pre-laying stage, peak laying period and late laying stage, and the nutrient requirements of energy, protein, different amino acids, mineral elements and vitamins in each physiological stage were recommended. At the same time, the metabolic energy value and other feed nutrient contents of 40 kinds of commonly used feed for ducks were given. The standard is scientific and practical, and has been fully applied in many large feed enterprises all over the country.

In the aspect of nutrition and feed research of geese, China has also accumulated a large number of scientific data. More importantly, under the guidance of university professors and researchers in research institutions, many enterprises produce formula feed for geese, which promotes the healthy development of the meat goose industry.

There are problems

Variety structure

The traditional salted water duck, stewed duck and salted duck in China are made from local sesame duck with a body weight of 1.7~2.3kg and a growth period of 70 to 100 days, while now the British Peking duck with a growth period of 40 days and a body weight of 3.2kg is used as the material. However, the growth period of the latter is too short, high muscle moisture content and low intermuscular fat content, which can not meet the needs of consumers for meat quality. It is our task to study and solve the contradiction between faster growth rate and lower meat quality of meat ducks. In particular, it is necessary to study and solve the problem that the annual output of 2.5 billion large meat ducks in China is monopolized by poultry companies in developed countries, which hinders the further development of meat duck industry in China.

Resource utilization / environmental protection

There are still some problems in the breeding industry of meat ducks, egg ducks and geese in China, such as the contradiction between the breeding environment and the demand of waterfowl, the resource utilization of excreta, environmental protection and so on.

The feed utilization rate of ducks and geese is relatively low.

There are relatively few data about the nutrition and feed nutritional value of meat ducks, egg ducks and geese. The feed utilization rate of waterfowl in China is still low, and there is much room for improvement in breeding and feeding techniques.

There is a big misunderstanding in the technology of epidemic prevention and control.

China's waterfowl biosafety and epidemic disease prevention and control technology can not meet the needs of industrial development, and there is still a misunderstanding of "relying on vaccine" in the prevention and control of major epidemic diseases, especially the new diseases often cause great harm to waterfowl breeding. and cause food safety problems. Therefore, the biosafety research and technical demonstration of waterfowl breeding should be strengthened.

Conclusion

Meat duck, egg duck and goose industry is an important part of rural economy in China, providing consumers with about 8.4 million tons of high-quality duck and goose meat and 4.5 million tons of duck and egg food every year.

With the rapid development of meat duck and egg duck industry in China, the traditional water feeding mode has rapidly changed to full indoor, closed online feeding or thick bedding feeding, showing the characteristics of environmental protection, health, efficiency and so on. The recommended breeding of geese and the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry are the main breeding methods of Chinese meat geese, showing the characteristics of green, environmental protection, high efficiency and so on. It is very important for the development of Chinese meat goose industry to study and solve the technical measures to improve the utilization rate of forage grass.

China is rich in duck and goose breed resources, has established a high-level breeding system, and provides safe and high-quality raw materials for diversified waterfowl meat processing. However, the selection of diversified and specialized strains and the establishment of matching lines are the key to improve the efficiency of waterfowl industry.

China has established scientific and practical duck feeding standards, and it is necessary to study and formulate meat goose feeding standards. More importantly, the feeding standard of ducks and geese needs to be continuously studied, revised and improved according to the development of science and technology and the progress of industry.