How to stop the waste outside the table

A few days ago, during the National Grain Love and Grain Saving publicity week, the State Grain Administration, together with relevant departments, carried out activities such as reducing grain losses and increasing efficiency into rural areas, schools, and families, and explained the knowledge of grain cultivation, harvest, storage science and technology, as well as knowledge of grain conservation and impairment.

China's grain production has been increased year after year, but the phenomenon of grain waste and loss in all links still exists. It is estimated that the total amount of waste lost by farmers in grain storage, storage, transportation and processing reaches more than 70 billion jin every year, which is equivalent to 200 million people's food rations for one year.

While reducing the waste on the table, the waste outside the table can not be ignored. From harvest to processing, what are the main processes of wasting and wasting food? How should the loss be minimized? What are the achievements of reducing grain loss and increasing efficiency in our country? The reporter visited many places and conducted investigations.

Grain harvesting process

It is easy to wear out if it is improper.

Li Weiquan from Yicheng City, Xiangyang City, Hubei Province cooperated to set up a family farm and transferred more than 1600 mu of land to grow wheat. "the annual harvest is good, with an average yield of a little more than 1000 jin per mu." Li Weiquan said, "Mechanized harvesting saves time and effort, but there is still some waste, which is very distressing." As a result of straw lodging, uneven land, and the harvester rubbing back and forth, about 30 jin of grain was lost in an acre of land.

A cadre who has worked in the agricultural machinery department for a long time told the reporter that the performance and harvesting speed of the harvester are the main causes of waste. In order to catch up with the efficiency, the speed of the harvester is generally higher than the normal speed when harvesting, which often causes the rice grain to be thrown out of the harvester before it is completely separated from the straw.

The land transferred by Ding Shuikun, a major grain grower in Erwan Village, Yihe Town, Yingcheng City, mainly depends on manual harvesting, and more than 20 workers are invited at most during the busy agricultural season. Ding Shuikun said, "although everyone cuts with a sickle, although it is slow, it will not fall the ears of wheat and rice, and no one is willing to lose them." But at the same time, when the grain is fully ripe, it may be threshed and dropped directly to the ground during manual harvesting and stacking. After harvest in the yard or on the road, the wind and the sun will cause waste.

Scientific storage of grain

Beware of worms eating rat bites

The biggest loss after grain harvest is the storage of farmers. According to a previous sample survey conducted by the State Grain Administration, the farmers' grain storage losses were the most serious in the northeast region, with an average of about 10.2%, followed by the northwest region, about 8.8%, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Huang-Huai-Hai region, about 7.4% and 5% respectively. Among the grain storage losses of farmers, the loss caused by rodent damage is the most serious, and the root cause of the loss is the poor grain storage facilities, poor grain storage conditions and lack of science and technology.

According to the person in charge of the State Grain Administration, there is a large gap in storage capacity in our country. It is estimated that the gap in storage capacity in the core grain producing areas in Northeast China once reached 50 billion jin. Open-air grain storage is adopted in some areas. The grass-roots grain collection and storage network in Henan, Hebei, Shandong and other major grain producing areas has seriously shrunk. Many counties in the western region, mountainous areas, reservoir areas and remote areas have no warehouses, no shops and no people. In the construction of warehouses, many dangerous warehouses and old warehouses have great hidden dangers of storing grain with illness.

Cadres of Xinfa Village, Liaodian Town, Acheng District, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, once said that some villagers basically do not have special grain storage tools, and they generally sun the grain recovered from the land directly on the ground in the courtyard, commonly known as "lying on the ground." In this way, it is difficult to avoid the loss of grain caused by damp and mildew, and it is also easy to be eaten by rats.

In this regard, the state grain department has promoted new grain storage technologies such as grain situation detection, lateral ventilation, nitrogen filling and circulation cooling, comprehensively repaired the "old dangerous warehouses," and strengthened the construction of new warehouses in the northeast and other major producing areas. up to now, a total of 145 billion jin of new warehouses have been built, and about 246 billion jin of "dangerous warehouses" have been repaired and renovated. By the end of last year, local grain departments had allocated nearly 10 million sets of standardized scientific grain storage equipment to farmers throughout the country, reducing the grain storage loss rate of these farmers by an average of 6 percent and reducing the annual grain loss of farmers by 2.3 billion jin.

Reasonable bulk transport

Avoid transportation loss

In recent years, the tasks of grain production and marketing convergence, inter-provincial circulation and regional adjustment are getting heavier and heavier, but the proportion of "bulk, bulk transportation, bulk storage and bulk unloading" in China's grain circulation process is relatively low. from the purchase link to the processing link, the raw grain needs to go through the process of packaging, unpacking and repackaging repeatedly, and the waste is more serious.

"the loss of grain transported in bags by road or by train is generally 3 per thousand, while the loss of grain transported in bulk by road will not exceed 1.5 per thousand, and the loss can be basically reduced by half." Ma Feng, general manager of Henan Yu Grain Jinyun Logistics Co., Ltd., told reporters, "the total annual output of wheat and corn in Henan is about 120 billion jin. Calculated according to the commodity rate of 50%, it can circulate about 60 billion jin. If professional bulk vehicle transportation is realized, about 45000 tons of grain can be saved every year."

According to qu Xinming, chairman of Henan Grain Trading Logistics Market, Henan has been promoting bulk transportation of raw grain since 2005, but there are still some problems, such as professional grain bulk trucks sacrificing their dispensing capacity because of their high specialty, resulting in a lot of emptying and wasting energy. In addition, the best transport radius of professional bulk grain trucks is less than 200 kilometers, and long-distance transport does not have the ability to compete with trains.

"the price of a professional bulk grain truck is about four or five hundred thousand yuan, which is relatively high for some small logistics companies. Therefore, at present, there are all kinds of modified grain bulk trucks on the market, although functionally they meet the requirements of bulk, but the level of professionalism is not high, which is more likely to cause secondary pollution and increased loss of grain. " Qu Xinming said.

In recent years, grain departments have promoted new special means of transport such as bulk grain vehicles and inland river ships, and container transport equipment and supporting loading and unloading facilities such as containers for bulk grain products and special vehicles for bulk flour transportation. efforts have been made to reduce leakage, dampness, mildew and pollution in transportation, and the loss rate of grain transportation has decreased by an average of 2%.

Excessive processing of grain

Little nutrition is wasteful.

When buying food materials, many consumers take a fancy to the appearance of grain and pursue "fine, fine and white". These seemingly good-looking grains have actually gone through a lot of processing. It is estimated that the waste of grain caused by grain and oil processing in China has reached more than 15 billion jin.

Is it necessary to be healthy if you sell good grain? According to experts, taking rice polishing as an example, the processing technology of rice factories is generally more than secondary polishing, and each additional polishing will reduce the rice yield by 2%, increase power consumption by at least 10 degrees, and at the same time lead to the loss of vitamins, cellulose and other nutrients.

The relevant person in charge of the State Grain Administration said that it is necessary to speed up the elimination of backward production capacity and production technology, reasonably determine processing accuracy, strictly restrict over-processing, over-polishing and over-packaging, and on the premise of fully considering the two factors of processing and consumption, formulate a grain and oil product standard and technical standard system that not only meets the hygienic quality standard but also has a good taste, saving grain and reducing consumption. Change the one-sided pursuit of "fine, fine, white" consumption tendency. At the same time, the national standard of rice will be revised according to the principle of "grain conservation and impairment, nutrition and health". According to the revised national standard of rice, the loss of rice in processing can be reduced by about 25 billion jin per year.