Cultivation techniques of volvariella volvacea in North China

Straw mushroom, also known as bract mushroom and orchid mushroom, has been cultivated in China for more than 300 years and enjoys the reputation of "Chinese mushroom" in the international market.

1 typical characteristics of volvariella volvacea

1.1 three Fast

After the straw mushroom was sown, it could be full of bacteria within 7 days under the condition of 28-32 ℃, which was about 60% shorter than that of Pleurotus ostreatus and more than 90% shorter than that of Lentinus edodes.

When the temperature of budding was faster than 30 ℃, the mushroom buds appeared on the 6th to 7th day after sowing, and the best part of budding could be reached on the 6th to 9th day.

Under the condition of fast growth and suitable temperature, the mushroom bud could reach 7-8 maturity in 2-3 days, and the harvest peak would be reached 10 days later.

1.2 three highs

High temperature characteristics of the existing volvariella volvacea strains, such as V35, Agricultural 42 and other strains are adapted to the high temperature conditions of 28-38 ℃, and basically do not bud below 26 ℃, which is a typical high-temperature bacteria production characteristics.

With the continuous progress of science and technology, the biological efficiency of pure wheat straw cultivation of straw mushroom, as the representative variety of "south mushroom moved northward", has increased from about 8% at the initial stage to about 30%, and the range of yield increase is 2-5 times higher than that of ordinary varieties.

Under the natural conditions of high efficiency, the northern region can be cultivated in idle greenhouses from June to August in the midsummer season, which improves the utilization rate of greenhouses, and secondly, the cultivation and production cycle of general edible mushroom varieties is 3-5 months, or even longer. due to the characteristics of rapid growth, straw mushrooms can be fed in a batch every month to maximize the output benefit per unit area.

1.3 three low

The cultivation of straw mushroom with low input cost and modern technology can be used as the main raw material of wheat straw or waste cotton, and the direct input cost is very low.

The level of per unit yield is low compared with Pleurotus ostreatus, Coprinus comatus and other varieties, the biological efficiency of straw mushroom per unit yield is on the low side, when using the latest cultivation technology, it can reach about 30%, only about 1 inch of Pleurotus ostreatus and Coprinus comatus.

The storage ability of fresh volvariella volvacea is very low, the storage ability of fresh straw mushroom is very low, it takes only 24 hours from timely harvest to breaking the umbrella, and under the condition that it is not resistant to low temperature storage for 10 ℃, after about 6 hours, the mushroom body begins to soften, precipitate water, and lose its commercial value.

Due to the unique high temperature characteristics of volvariella volvacea, it is not conducive to long-term and large-scale commodity production in the north, and has not been able to form large-scale production. With the factors such as the adjustment of rural industrial structure and the improvement of consumers' awareness of edible fungi, a new annual planting method suitable for the north has been successful. The key points of the construction and cultivation techniques of the mushroom house are introduced as follows.

1 to build a special mushroom house to produce straw mushrooms in the north. In order to build a mushroom room with heating equipment, the mushroom house must have the characteristics of ventilation, moisturizing, heat preservation, heating and light transmission. The structure of the mushroom house is shown in figure 1-2. The mushroom house is about 4 meters high, 6 meters long and 4 meters wide. The interior is wide, and it is appropriate to put down two 1.2-meter-wide cultivation shelves, each of which covers an area of about 20 square meters. On both sides of the walls along the length of the mushroom house, ceramic pipes with a diameter of about 25cm and 30cm are installed, one end of which is connected to the stove on both sides of the entrance door, and the other leads to the wall above the back wall by turning. The stove is 65 cm square and is made of brick. about 30 pieces of honeycomb coal can be put inside. The furnace mouth is outside the wall, which is conducive to adding coal and cleaning the furnace, and will not cause pollution to the mushroom room. The front and rear walls of the mushroom house are equipped with high and low windows to ventilate the mushroom room. The window is made of plastic film and window frame, which is 40 cm × 60 cm long and wide. the top of the mushroom house is composed of plastic film, 10 cm thick polystyrene board and roof, which is conducive to heat preservation and moisturization. The mushroom house is equipped with four-story cultivation shelves made of bamboo and wood. The mushroom house is covered with cement floor, which is used as a place for mixing materials, and a drainage ditch is set up about 5 meters away from the mushroom door to remove the excess water during mixing and the scouring water when cleaning the mushroom house. When the mushroom house is built, it can be more than a dozen adjacent to each other to facilitate continuous sowing and harvesting.

2 key points of cultivation techniques

2.1 temperature control the mushroom houses of straw mushrooms cultivated in the north can make use of the natural temperature and carry out normal production through reasonable ventilation in summer. The temperature is adjusted by heating in winter, spring and autumn. In spring and autumn, the temperature can reach more than 30 ℃ by using only two furnaces and extended ceramic pipes. Usually 36 pieces of honeycomb coal are placed in each furnace, which can maintain a high temperature for 24 hours. after the honeycomb coal is put in, the furnace mouth is sealed with thin mud.

2.2 Culture materials for water transfer and construction fermentation 450 kg of cotton waste, 30 kg of wheat bran and 20 kg of lime. Make a 1.8 m × 3.0 m x 0.5 m iron frame, place the iron frame on the cement floor, then spread a layer of waste cotton in the iron frame, 10-15 cm thick, sprinkle a thin layer of lime powder, sprinkle water pressure to make the waste cotton absorb enough water, then sprinkle a layer of wheat bran, then spread a layer of waste cotton, sprinkle a thin layer of lime powder, and then sprinkle water pressure to let the second layer of waste cotton absorb enough water, and then sprinkle a layer of bran. When pressing layer by layer to the full frame, lift the iron frame up, and then continue to add material and press until the pile is about 1 meter high. Ferment for 3 days. After turning the pile and fermenting for 2 days, the material can be fed into the shop.

2.3 sowing and mushroom production management in spring, autumn and summer, the temperature is always kept at about 30 ℃. And maintain good ventilation. The culture material is placed on a cultivation shelf covered with plastic film, which is about 15 cm thick. The mushrooms can be produced on the 7th day after sowing, the harvest begins on the 11th day, and the harvest ends in about 16-17 days, with a cycle of 20 days. More than 100 kg of mushrooms are collected with 5-layer shelves in each cycle. After harvest, remove the cultivation materials, scour the bamboo frame and the ground, and enter the next cycle. There are more flies when planting volvariella volvacea in summer, so the cover film can be uncovered 4-6 days after sowing and organophosphorus pesticides with low toxicity and high efficiency can be sprayed.

2.4.It is necessary to strengthen the management of room temperature for planting straw mushrooms in winter. Before sowing, put the mixed cultivation materials on the shelf. Add 3 to 4 large oil drums in the aisle of each mushroom room, add honeycomb coal to burn for one day, make the internal temperature reach 70-80 ℃, kill miscellaneous bacteria, then lower the temperature to 30 ℃, start sowing, cover with thick plastic film after sowing, and then keep the temperature at 28-30 ℃ through 2 stoves. A production cycle of about 20 days.

In the annual cultivation of volvariella volvacea in the north, the one-time investment in mushroom house is higher, and the cost of coal-burning cultivation is also higher, but the production cycle is short, the products can be continuously listed on the market, the price is high, and the economic benefit is still considerable.