Diagnostic technique of dogs-visual diagnosis

To examine and determine some abnormal manifestations of sick dogs is called diagnosis. Some abnormal manifestations of diseased dogs are obvious and are easy to be found and identified. And some slight or inobvious performance. It is often difficult to distinguish from normal phenomena, so it needs to be examined by special diagnostic methods or with the help of instruments, and then a comprehensive analysis can be made to determine whether there is a disease and what symptoms there are. Of course, some of these are carried out by veterinary workers, and some inspection and analysis projects, as individual dog owners, should also be known and mastered. The simple diagnostic methods of canine diseases are introduced as follows:

(1) Visual diagnosis

The dog must be allowed to observe the dog's abnormal behavior with our eyes in a quiet state. Otherwise, the enhancement of normal function caused by strenuous activity will be misdiagnosed as abnormal. For example, after strenuous exercise or capture struggle, the heartbeat of dogs must increase, so it is difficult to distinguish between normal and abnormal. At the same time, dog lovers must also know the normal physiology of dogs in order to find the abnormal phenomena of dogs. Inspection should pay attention to the following aspects:

1. Mental state

Healthy dogs are lively and lovely, energetic and flexible. Their eyes are bright, and their ears often rotate with the sound. Even when they sleep, they always remain alert. When they hear a slight movement, they listen to each other, and their eyes stare at the direction of movement, indicating a very clever state of mind.

If the dog has godless or half-closed eyes, does not want to move, prefers to lie still, the ears are slow or unresponsive to external stimuli, indifferent, or even in a lethargic state, these are all in a state of neuroinhibition, called mental depression or coma. Some sick dogs are excited and restless, running around indoors and outdoors, scared, screaming loudly, often walking aimlessly, turning around, and even biting all kinds of objects, and so on. This state of mind is called mental excitement or mania. The above two mental states are abnormal mental performance.

2. Nutritional status

To judge the nutritional status of dogs, the fat condition and coat were mainly observed. Healthy dogs should be moderately fat and thin, with plump and strong muscles, smooth and shiny coat, making people feel comfortable after looking at it. If the dog is emaciated, the muscle is flabby, the coat is rough and dry, and the tail hair stands upside down, it is often a manifestation of parasitic diseases, skin diseases, chronic digestive tract diseases or some infectious diseases.

3. Posture

When the dog is standing or walking, the limbs are strong and do not dare to bear a heavy load. When standing or walking, the dog shows weakness of the limbs, which indicates that the limbs are abnormal. If the dog's body is curled up while lying down, the head is placed under the abdomen or in an unnatural position, and it is turned over from time to time, it indicates abdominal pain.

4. Body temperature

Under normal living conditions, the body temperature of healthy dogs is kept within a certain range, usually the lowest in the morning, slightly higher in the afternoon, and the temperature difference between day and night is generally less than 1 ℃. If it is more than 1 ℃ or the body temperature is high in the morning and low in the afternoon, it indicates that the body temperature is abnormal. The normal body temperature of healthy dogs is 38.5-39 ℃ for young dogs and 37.5-38.5 ℃ for adult dogs. A simple way to determine a dog's fever is to analyze the dog's nose, ear and mental state. The nose of a normal dog is cold and moist, and the skin temperature at the base of the ear is the same as that of other parts. If it is found that the nose (nose) of the dog is dry and hot, the skin temperature at the base of the ear is higher than other parts, and the dog has low spirits, poor appetite and increased thirst, it indicates that the dog's body temperature is high. In most infectious diseases, inflammation of the respiratory tract, digestive tract and other organs, and increased body temperature in solar and heat radiation disease. In poisoning, severe failure, malnutrition and anemia and other diseases, the body temperature often decreases.

The most accurate way to measure your body temperature is to use a thermometer. During the temperature measurement, the operator swung the mercury column of the thermometer below 35 ℃, wiped it with alcohol cotton balls and applied a small amount of lubricant (liquid paraffin). The dog was properly protected by the assistant, the thermometer was raised slightly, and the thermometer was slowly inserted into the anus. To prevent the thermometer from falling off after insertion, it can be taken out in about 3 minutes and read the degree. When the dog is excited, nervous and exercising, the rectal temperature can increase slightly.

5. Observation of respiratory system

(1) breathing: the dog must be observed in a quiet state. Check the breathing condition should include the number of breaths, breathing patterns and breathing difficulties.

(2) the number of breaths: generally measured according to the ups and downs of the chest and abdomen, that is, the ups and downs of the chest and abdomen for one breath. The cold season can also be measured according to the exhaled airflow. The number of breaths of healthy dogs is 15ml / min, 30 times. Respiration is often affected by some physiological factors and external conditions, such as puppies are slightly more than adult dogs, pregnant dogs are more than non-pregnant bitches, especially in exercise or excitement can be increased many times. In addition, the change of temperature and season can also affect the change of respiratory number.

② breathing: the normal breathing style of a dog is chest breathing. If the movement of the abdominal wall is more obvious than that of the chest wall during breathing (abdominal breathing) or the movement of the chest wall and the abdominal wall is carried out at the same time (chest-abdominal breathing), it indicates that there is a disease in the chest or abdomen, such as pleurisy, pleural effusion or fracture of ribs.

⑧ respiratory rhythm; checking the respiratory rhythm of dogs is also important for the diagnosis of respiratory diseases. The normal breathing of a healthy dog is an accurate and rhythmic alternating movement, that is, inhaling and then exhaling, and after each breath, after a short interval, the next breath is repeated and regular, so it is called rhythmic breathing. Rhythm disorder is an abnormal phenomenon. However, the respiratory rhythm of healthy dogs can be temporarily changed due to excitement, exercise, fear, screaming, sniffing, etc., which should be distinguished from pathological changes. When there are pain, hypoxia, nerve excitement and substantial lung lesions, the pathological frequency can increase. When in a toxic coma, the frequency decreases. In encephalitis and toxemia, the frequency is sometimes fast and sometimes slow ("tidal" breathing). When the sick dog breathes, it is dyspnea caused by respiratory tract obstruction when it shows mouth opening, head and neck straightening, ribs moving forward and upward, and elbows extending outward. If the sick dog breathing superficial and the number of breathing increased, indicating that the lung can not be completely dilated, commonly seen in rib fractures, pneumonia, pneumothorax or pleurisy. When the respiratory tract is compressed or blocked by a foreign body or tumor, it can also show dyspnea.

(3) nasal secretions: there is almost no discharge from the nose of healthy dogs. When a dog has a cold or respiratory tract inflammation, secretions can often flow from the nostrils. The nature of secretions are serous (clear nose), mucous, suppurative inflammation, nasal secretions can be purulent (purulent nose), may also be mixed with blood or small foam. The number of secretions often varies with the degree of inflammation. Sometimes no nasal discharge can be seen, which may have been licked or wiped off by the dog. But when it's serious, you stop licking your nostrils.

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