Lianwu (Yangpu peach) cultivation

Lianwu fruit taste sweet, with apple aroma, is a cheap and good summer food. Lianwu originated from India, Malay Peninsula (mostly Java), Andaman Islands and other archipelago, and is now widely distributed in the tropical areas of the world. It has been introduced and cultivated in China for more than 400 years. At present, it is cultivated in Taiwan, Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and other provinces. Domestic fine varieties of products have high market prices, are deeply welcomed by consumers, and have good development prospects.

1. Distribution and characteristics of Lotus Fruit

Lotus Fruit in China is mainly distributed in Taiwan, Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian provinces, which is the main economic income of fruit farmers in Taiwan Province, while Hainan is rich in lotus resources and its development is still in its infancy.

Nelumbo nucifera likes warm and hates cold, and the optimum growth temperature is 25: 30 ℃. When the temperature is below 7 ℃ during flowering, buds and young fruits will fall off due to cold injury. In the environment of high temperature and humidity, it has the advantages of fast growth, more fruit, large fruit and high yield. During the period of fruit development, there is no rain in case of drought, the fruit is small and the quality is poor. After a long drought, it is easy to drop and crack fruit in case of showers. The fruit is well colored in sufficient light.

Lotus fog is not strict with the soil, it can grow and bear fruit on all kinds of soil, but the growth result is better in fertile, loose and moist soil. Lianwu is also the dominant tree species in riparian forest.

Lotus fruit has the effects of invigorating body and relieving thirst, relieving heat and diuresis, nourishing face and moisturizing skin. Lotus fruit contains 92.87% moisture, 0.35% protein, 5.97% carbohydrates, 0.21% ash or minerals and 0.46% crude fiber, as well as vitamin C, iron, calcium and other substances, which are unique and cool to quench thirst, crisp, juicy and thin. If you add some salt and eat it cold, it will be more cool and refreshing. The single fruit of Lianwu weighs 140g, while the variety of black diamond reaches 120g and 150g.

2. Plant morphology and cultivated varieties of lotus flower

The main results are as follows: 1. The lotus tree is a perennial evergreen tree with spreading branches and a round crown. Leaves simple, opposite, long elliptic-lanceolate. Cymes, terminal or axillary, with 3-10 florets, milky white. Fleshy berries, pear-shaped, bell-shaped or mallet-shaped, clustered in clusters, and the fruit is spongy. The fruit colors are milky white, light green, pink, bright red and dark fuchsia. The average crown diameter of two-year-old lotus tree is 2.3m and the height is 1.6m. The best adjustment time of lotus flower production period is from March to July to December to April. The annual flowering and fruiting times of lotus flower are from 1 to 4 times per year.

2. According to the fruit color, the cultivated varieties of lotus in China can be divided into crimson, light red, pink, green and white. At present, the varieties with the most cultivation and economic value in Taiwan are "black pearl lotus" and black diamond lotus. According to the fruit color, Hainan lotus can be roughly divided into the following categories: ① bright red fruit color is bright and beautiful, but the fruit is slightly sour, the development and utilization value is not high. ② has small green and white fruit, light taste, many dehiscence and poor shape of fruit color, so it is of little value in economic cultivation. ③ white fruit is medium, light in taste, low in solid content, poor in fruit color and shape, and low in economic cultivation value. ④ turquoise fruit has medium size, crisp meat, moderate sour and sweet taste and high content of capacitive solids, but the fruit color is poor, so it can be developed properly. ⑤ green-purple red seed fruit is bigger and sweeter, but the fruit shape and color is poor, which can be developed. ⑥ pink species (called Nanyang species in Taiwan) have large fruit, beautiful fruit shape, beautiful color and fine flesh, so it is worth developing vigorously.

Third, the cultivation of lotus flower

1. The selection of region and the time of cultivation ① region chooses the environment with sufficient light, high temperature and humidity, and the soil with rich, loose, moist and barren soil applies more organic fertilizer. The leeward garden should be selected, and the slightly acidic sandy soil is the most suitable, and the slightly acidic to slightly alkaline (PH5.5~7.8) sandy soil to red soil is suitable. Avoid frost and be afraid of drought. The condition of large temperature difference between day and night is beneficial to the improvement of fruit quality. The cultivation time of ② can be planted all the year round (in tropical areas), and it is the most suitable to be planted in the early rainy season, but if there are irrigation conditions, it is better to plant when the temperature rises.

2. Because of the lack of seeds, the seedlings are generally propagated by air striping, as well as grafting and cutting. It is suitable to select 2 ~ 3-year-old branches with strong diameter 1~2cm in air pressing, but not too old and too young. The high temperature and humidity season is carried out from May to July, which can take root in about 30 days, and will be planted on the ground after 2 ~ 3 months.

The cuttings should be from April to August, and the full and corked 1 ~ 2-year-old branches were cut into 14~16cm long segments and cut on the constant humidity sand bed.

The seedlings of 0.6~1cm in diameter were used as rootstock in grafting propagation, and the full branches of superior variety 1-2 were used as scions, which could be grafted by patch bud grafting, ventral grafting, cutting grafting or splitting grafting in March ~ May.

3. The planting specification of the garden is 2.5m × 4m, that is, 66 plants per mu, and thinning will be carried out after the crown is handed over. The planting size after thinning is 5m × 4m, that is, 33 plants per mu.

Planting method: make holes with length and width of 1m and depth of 0.5m, and apply soil miscellaneous fertilizer 10kg, chicken manure 10kg, peanut bran 2.5kg and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer 1kg in each hole, and mix them with topsoil to make the mound in the hole 0.3m higher than the ground. Plant on the mound. After planting, open a trench with a depth of 0.8m and raise the bed, each planting 2 rows.

4. Water and fertilizer management lotus fog needs a large amount of fertilizer, and young trees need nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, but they should be applied frequently and thinly, especially organic fertilizer. On the other hand, nitrogen and potassium fertilizer is the most important for fruiting trees over 5 years old.

Fruit trees are generally fertilized three times a year. 50% of the total annual application amount was applied before flower bud differentiation from July to October, and 10 kg of organic fertilizer was added; 25% was applied at flowering and young fruit stage from November to May of the following year, but chemical nitrogen fertilizer was avoided at this stage, otherwise the fruit flavor and sweetness would be affected; the remaining 25% was applied after fruit harvest from June to July. The annual application amount is shown in the previous table.

Orchard soil should be often irrigated to keep shallow water moist, but can not accumulate water, rainy season should be timely drainage.

5. Pruning and shaping young trees leave the trunk 40~60cm high, and about 4 strong transverse main branches are left on them, and the vertical main branches are cut short to create a round crown with uniform distribution of lateral branches.

Fruit trees are generally trimmed three times a year. The first one will take place around March. The second time, after the fruit was harvested in July, the withered branches, disease and insect branches, over-dense branches, erect overgrown branches and drooping ground-touching branches were thinned, and the branches in the crown were cut to about 2cm as the next fruiting branch. The third time was from the beginning of October to the beginning of winter, cutting off all the new shoots and storing sufficient nutrients to survive the winter.

6. ① Flower and Fruit thinning Nursing Care: flowering and fruit setting of lotus flowers are more, so we should timely thinning flowers and fruits, select flowers and fruits with good fruiting parts, promote fruit increase and improve quality. Flower thinning does not use growth inhibitors, and artificial thinning is generally used to avoid adverse effects on fruits and new leaves. The methods are as follows: thinning the flower spike at the end of the branch, keeping the flower ear with 1 / 2 pairs of leaves on the big branch, thinning the upward flower ear, keeping the flower ear toward both sides or downward, removing the flowers in the middle of the large flower ear, retaining the flowers on both sides, and thinning the over-dense flower ear, so that there is about 15cm spacing between every two flower ears.

② fruit bagging is carried out in the young fruit stage; if the fruit fly lasts for a long time, bagging will be done immediately after Xiehua. Bags are usually made of paper bags or nylon mesh bags. Before bagging, the whole garden should thoroughly control diseases and insect pests, and generally wait for the chemical on the appearance of the fruit to dry before putting it on.

IV. Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests

The main diseases of lotus flower are anthracnose, fruit rot and blight, and the main pests are poisonous moths, shell insects, beetles, aphids, blind bugs and thrips. Generally, agricultural control is given priority to, supplemented by chemical control.

V. harvesting, fresh-keeping, storage and transportation

The fruit harvested by ① reaches the proper size of the variety and shows the inherent color of the variety. When the navel of the fruit is unfolded, it can be harvested. It is usually harvested every 2-3 days. Because of its thin skin, it should be handled with care when harvesting.

② fresh-keeping and storage and transportation of lotus fog is not resistant to storage and can be kept for about a week at room temperature. Immediately, the fruits can be wrapped in white paper and stacked in cartons for transportation. The stored fruits can be placed in plastic bags or fresh-keeping boxes at 12: 15 ℃. You don't need to wash the fruit before storage, just wash it when you eat it. The fruit tastes better after being refrigerated.

VI. Fruit processing

The fruit of lotus flower is generally fresh, and the flavor can be enhanced by adding a little salt. Can also be salted, sugar, for candied fruit, cooking seasoning, etc., can also make jam, fruit juice and so on.