High-yield cultivation techniques of planting Potato in Autumn

I. seed potato selection

For autumn sowing potato, first of all, varieties with strong stress resistance, especially high temperature resistance, should be selected; secondly, varieties with short dormancy period (dormancy period 30-40 days) should be selected; third, early and extra-early potato varieties should be selected, such as Dongnong 303, Feurita, Zhongshu 1 and so on. All of them can be harvested 60 days after emergence, and some can be harvested 45 days after emergence.

It is better to sow potatoes in autumn with small whole potatoes, each of which weighs about 25 grams. If a large potato is used as a seed potato, it should be cut into pieces to promote germination before germination.

2. Seed potato treatment

1. Cut into pieces. The slicing of autumn potatoes should be carried out under cool conditions to avoid rotten seeds. 7-10 days before sowing, select disease-free single potato weighing 70-80 grams as seed potato, cut into 3-4 pieces longitudinally along the top bud with a sharp knife, each piece should have 1-2 bud eyes, and the incision should be close to the bud eye. The cutter should be disinfected to prevent the spread of germs. If diseased potatoes with browned vascular bundles are found when cutting potatoes, they should be removed. Wash the starch paste from the cut with cold water (preferably well water) to facilitate the healing of the incision and prevent rotten pieces.

2. Soaking seeds. Soaking seeds with gibberellin (920) can break the dormancy period and promote germination. The method is to soak the seeds with whole potato or cut into pieces. The whole potato seeds can be soaked with 10-20ppm gibberellin for 30 minutes, and cut into pieces for 5-10 minutes. Before soaking, wash the starch at the cut with clean water. After soaking, remove the pieces and put them in a cool place to dry for 4-8 hours. Do not expose to the sun to avoid rotten seeds. The gibberellin solution can soak the seeds for 4-5 times. Pay attention to the gibberellin dose not to be too large to prevent excessive sowing.

3. Sprouting. The budding bed chooses an empty room that is ventilated, cool and out of direct sunlight or under the shade of an outdoor tree to build an Arbor, and the ground is covered with clean, wet sand (so that the hands can be squeezed into a ball, and the hands are loose for moderation), about 10 centimeters thick and 1 meter wide. When sprouting, the potato pieces can be arranged centrally on the budding bed, and the bud eyes of the potato pieces can be arranged upward, first closely arranged in the bottom layer without overlap, and then covered with a layer of 3 cm thick wet fine soil or yellow sand. Then press a layer of potato pieces and a layer of fine soil sand, so arranged to three layers, and finally pat the bed surface. Cover with straw or plastic film for heat preservation, keep the bed temperature at 25-28 ℃, and keep the topsoil dry. If the bed sand is too dry, you can use a kettle to sprinkle a small amount of cold water to moisturize, after 4-6 days can sprout. The sprouted potato cubes need not be covered with sand, but can be covered with a layer of wet straw. When the bud grows to 0.5-1 cm, it can be taken out and sown. In case of bad weather, you can put the scattered light down for 2-3 days to make the buds green and strong, and then sow them to the field.

Third, sowing method

1. Sow seeds at the right time. Sowing autumn potato is in the early autumn, sowing too early, the temperature is too high, easy to rot potato; sowing too late, shorten the growth period, and affect the yield. Generally, the daily average temperature is below 25 ℃, so it is safe to sow seeds. Generally, the suitable sowing time is from August 25 to September 10. Early-maturing varieties such as Feirita and Zaodabai can be sown in the middle of September. Especially early-maturing varieties, such as Zhongshu No.1, can be postponed to the end of September. The temperature in the mountain area is low, so it can be sowed early, so that the early growth period can catch up with the cool October, and the plant grows vigorously, while the later stage of tuber formation is adapted to the growth characteristics of potato in November, when the temperature is low, so that there are more tubers and higher yield.

2. Cool down and protect seedlings. When sowing, the daytime temperature of the topsoil on the border is often above 35 ℃, which is not suitable for seedling growth; in case of drought during soil preparation, irrigation should be carried out 2-3 days before sowing, and then ploughing and preparing the soil to keep the soil moist. Choose rainy days or sow seeds in trenches sooner or later. When sowing potatoes in autumn, the bud eyes should be down, and the sowing depth should be kept at 10-15 cm. Too shallow is disadvantageous to seedling emergence. After sowing, the border is covered with melons and vines, grass, straw and other things, which can provide shade and cooling, prevent drought and moisture, prevent shower erosion and soil consolidation. In this way, the seedlings emerge quickly and neatly to ensure that the whole seedlings are strong.

3. Reasonable close planting. The growth of autumn potato is fast, the tuber is early, and the aboveground plant growth is not as vigorous as that of spring potato, so the sowing density should be increased appropriately. Proper close planting can not only make full use of light and soil fertility, increase yield, but also increase the number of stems and leaves. The thickening of soil cover can cool and moisturize the soil in the field, which is beneficial to growth and improve species. Autumn potato row spacing is generally 35-40 cm, plant spacing 18-22 cm, sowing 7000-9000 holes per mu, suitable close planting in thin land than in fertile field.

IV. Field management

1. Water and fertilizer management. Autumn potato sowing is in the season of high temperature and drought. When there is no rain after sowing, it should be irrigated every 3-5 days to lower the soil temperature and promote early emergence and good seedling emergence. After the seedlings are unearthed, if the weather continues to be dry, small water should still be irrigated frequently to keep the soil moist and promote the growth of stems and leaves. Entering the tuber-forming stage, the climate is gradually cool, the stems and leaves are closed, the plant transpiration and ground evaporation are small, the soil can be kept moist, and the furrows are not dry and irrigated. In case of continuous rain, it is necessary to do a good job of drainage.

The temperature in autumn is decreasing day by day, and the sunshine is shortened, which is not conducive to the growth of stems and leaves, so we should pay close attention to topdressing and promoting trees after finishing seedlings. 15 kg of ammonium sulfate and 5 kg of urea were applied per mu. Strive to seal the stems and leaves of the aboveground parts of the sweet potato in the first and middle of October. According to the determination, 0.5 grams of spring potato stems and leaves only 0.5 kilograms of potato, autumn potato 0.5 grams of stems and leaves can produce 1 kilogram of potato. Therefore, the measures to promote stem and leaf growth in autumn potato management are very important to increase yield.

2. Cultivate the soil by ploughing. In order to meet the needs of tuber development in autumn, ploughing and soil cultivation should be done in time to keep the soil at low temperature and humidity. During the whole growth period of autumn potato, the soil is generally cultivated for 2-3 times: after the first emergence, the soil is 3 cm thick; after 10-15 days, the stolon begins to grow, and the second soil is about 6 cm thick; and then the soil is cultivated for the third time every 10-15 days. Every time the soil is cultivated, it is combined with ploughing and topdressing to increase the air permeability of the soil, promote the formation of stolon, increase the potato layer and increase the yield.

3. Spraying potassium dihydrogen phosphate. Spraying 0.3% 0.35% potassium dihydrogen phosphate during the full bloom of potatoes can increase the yield by 15% by 20%. It is best to spray twice in a row, the first time in full bloom, and again every 7-10 days, each time with 0.35% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution 50 kg per mu.

V. Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests

1. Pest control. There are many pests that harm potatoes, and the pests that generally harm eggplant fruits and vegetables can harm potatoes. There are mainly 28 ladybugs, ground tigers, grubs and so on. Among these pests, aphids and grubs are the most harmful. At the initial stage of aphid occurrence, 2.5% deltamethrin was sprayed 2500 times with water, and the effect was better.

Prevent grubs from being sprayed on 35 kg fine soil with 500 grams of water and 90% crystal trichlorfon, and apply them into holes or ditches during sowing, which can be used for one mu of field.

2. Disease control. The main diseases of potato are late blight, bacterial wilt, ring rot and virus. Virus disease, ring rot and bacterial wilt are generally overcome by selecting disease-resistant varieties, producing virus-free seed potatoes and implementing reasonable rotation, not continuous cropping with Solanaceae vegetables.

Late blight is the most common and serious disease of potato in China. At the initial stage of the disease, carbendazim and mancozeb were sprayed 400-500 times, alternately, once every 7-10 days, a total of 2-3 times, which had a good control effect.