Production methods of fermented soil of Agaricus bisporus

At present, foreign industrial production of mushrooms use peat with high saturated water content, good water holding capacity and high porosity as covering material, and the yield per unit area is higher. There are roughly five kinds of soil covering materials used in China, namely, coarse and fine soil, mixed soil, river mud bran soil, fine mud bran soil and fermented soil. Fine mud bran soil and fermented soil are two kinds of soil covering materials which are easy to make and have good soil covering effect according to the current mushroom cultivation methods and rural conditions in our country. these two kinds of soil covering materials have large saturated water content, good water holding capacity, large porosity and appropriate amount of organic matter, so they are the most ideal artificial soil covering materials at present.

The main results are as follows: (1) Fine mud bran soil is to mix fine mud and rice bran according to a certain proportion to change the physical properties of the soil, so that the covered soil of this mixed material has not only larger saturated water content, but also larger porosity and water holding capacity. After covering the soil, the mycelium climbs quickly, the storage capacity of the mycelium in the soil layer is large, the mushroom emerges early, and the tide turns quickly, which has an obvious effect on increasing production. Fine mud bran soil is easy to take soil and easy to make. The main points of the production technology are as follows:

Preparation of ① slime: 8 to 10 days before soil covering, the clean vegetable garden soil without grass roots and sundries 30 cm below the surface was crushed and screened with a sieve of 27 mesh per 10 cm. The screened mud is called fine mud, and the unscreened mud is called soybean soil (used for filling soil in the later stage). Fine mud and soy soil need to be dried.

Treatment and proportion of ② fine mud and rice chaff: in order to prevent the growth of miscellaneous bacteria and the occurrence of brown rot in the soil, the fine mud was sterilized 5-6 days before soil mulching, and formaldehyde disinfection method was generally used. Rice chaff should be fresh and mildew-free. A few days before soil mulching, the rice chaff should be exposed to the sun for two days and then soaked in lime water with pH 10 for 24 hours. Two days before covering the soil, the rice chaff needs to be treated with insecticidal treatment. Spray 0.5% dichlorvos solution evenly on the rice chaff, mix it well, cover it with a film for 12 hours, then uncover the film and wait for dichlorvos to volatilize. The day before mulching, mix rice chaff and fine mud well according to the weight ratio of 1:24, and then mix in 1% / 2% lime powder by weight. Then mix the covered soil until half dry and half wet, which can be used in the mushroom bed the next day. The cultivated area of 111m2 needs 3000 kg of fine mud, 125kg of dry rice chaff and 50kg of lime.

(2) fermented soil is that a certain amount of dry cow (pig) manure and other substances are added to the soil, and the physical properties and some substance contents of the soil are changed by anaerobic fermentation at a certain temperature (July and August). So that it can become a kind of covering material with good soil covering characteristics. Fermented soil contains an appropriate amount of organic matter, has larger saturated water content and larger porosity, and has better water holding capacity. It is labor-saving and simple to produce, and the yield is increased by 10% to 15%. The key points of its production technology are as follows:

① soil turning fermentation: under natural conditions, soil and organic matter are mixed to effectively carry out anaerobic fermentation, which has certain requirements for the natural temperature of the outside world. Soil turning fermentation is required to be carried out in July and August. In the field of wheat or rape or near the water source, take a small piece of land, cultivate 111 square meters of mushrooms, take 15 square meters of land. The land for fermentation is required to be loose farmland, dig 25cm to 30cm deep, smash the soil and make it as mud-free as possible, then add 125-150kg of dried cow dung, 200kg of wheat husk or rice chaff, 10kg of lime and 20kg of calcium superphosphate, mix these substances well with the soil, and then irrigate, the water surface is about 5cm above the fermented soil, and then covered with a layer of plastic film to increase the temperature. Bubbles can be seen after 2 or 3 days.

② mashing soil: its function is to ferment the fermented soil fully and evenly. When mashing the soil, it is required to turn the upper soil to the bottom, the lower soil to the top, the upper and lower soil to mix well, the caked mud to be mashed, and do not release the water when mashing the soil. The first ramming is usually carried out on the seventh day after the beginning of fermentation, and the second ramming is carried out after 7 days. Test the pH of the mud water in the fermentation pond before the second ramming. If the pH is less than 8, add some lime and adjust the pH to 8. If there are a lot of blisters during fermentation, ramming the soil twice is OK. The whole fermentation stage usually takes about 30 days. If it is sandy soil, the fermentation time can be increased by 3-5 days. During fermentation, the water should always be 5 cm higher than the surface of the fermented soil.

③ soil: after the soil is fermented, it can put water on the field and dig up when there are cracks on the surface of the fermented soil and people can walk around on it. After the fermented soil is taken out, it needs to be broken when it is half-dry and half-wet, and the diameter of the broken soil particles is not more than 1 cm. Break it and dry it in the sun, and the undried ones can not be stored in ridges, otherwise it will breed miscellaneous bacteria.