Pollution-free High-efficiency cultivation technique of "Rice-Mushroom"

In 2002, Bazhou District Agricultural Technology Station demonstrated and popularized the high-quality and efficient cultivation model of "rice-mushroom" in more than 20 villages and towns, such as Enyang and Huacheng, and obtained an output value of 7148.56 yuan per mu (1 mu = 1 hectare, the same below), which was 6297.56 yuan higher than that of wheat and rice double cropping. The practice shows that this model has the characteristics of increasing rice yield, increasing soil fertility, high mushroom yield, tender quality and delicious taste, and simple operation, and it is also a good way for farmers to create tax and income and get rich quickly.

I. Variety selection

The selection of varieties (strains) directly affects the improvement of the yield and quality of rice and mushrooms, and it is also the key measure to improve the yield and quality. The main rice varieties should be dyou 527 and Chuanxiangyou 2, with high yield and good quality varieties such as kyou 047 and Gangyou 162. The strains should be fan-shaped, villous hyphae, long and large fan-shaped, pure white hyphae, strong growth, strong vitality, no yellow water, no caking, sterile membrane, no peculiar smell, no miscellaneous bacteria, no diseases and insect pests.

Second, mushroom land selection

The outdoor mushroom field should be leeward to the sun, far away from the homestead, strong water and fertility conservation, many pores, excellent aggregate structure, convenient management, and fertile soil as mushroom planting land. The second is to cultivate nutrients, nutrient composting can be pig, cow, sheep, chicken, duck, silkworm dung-based, with withered cake (cotton withered) and forage (corn, wheat straw, rice straw) as culture materials, the pile of nutritious forage should be dry and fresh, no mildew, unripe, pre-wet feces, must be through compost fermentation, disinfection and sterilization treatment can be used. The method of composting fermentation is as follows: generally, forage 3250 kg, dung powder 1500 kg, urea 45kg, vegetable withered 150kg, gypsum powder 150kg, calcium superphosphate 100kg, lime 50-70kg per mu. First, the dung and forage are pre-wet for 48 hours (if the pre-wetting is not good, it is difficult to pile up high-quality culture materials, it is necessary to strictly control the pre-wetting). The method is to cut the grass (wheat and corn stalks) into 3250-14cm long, dry and shake after drying. 3-4 days before the heap, the dung water (no white water) is fully pre-wet and turned at the same time. Secondly, build a pile of fermentation. Generally, the pile is 270 cm wide and 139 cm high. After the pile is finished, it will continue to pour clear dung water and cover with film fermentation to make its forage moisture sufficient. When building a pile of fermentation, one layer of grass and one layer of dung, each layer of grass is 27-30 cm thick, and the manure is 3 cm thick. Urea, compound fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer must be removed into the grass uniformly and layer by layer. Finally, the top of the grass is sealed with dung and covered with thin film. To achieve the "five have": the pile body is tangible, the pile height is limited, the pile top has a ridge, and the temperature reaches more than 70-80 ℃ in 2-3 days, keep it covered, windproof and barrier, foot protection has dike, drainage has ditch. If the temperature drops, find out the cause immediately and take remedial measures. On the other hand, turn the pile for the first time on the 7th day. If the moisture is insufficient, fill it with water. When turning the material, pay attention to turning the four sides to the middle, so that the temperature evenly does not affect the fermentation effect. The second turn of the pile is carried out every 3 days, and then temperature-controlled fermentation is carried out every 3 days. The general temperature is controlled at 50-55 ℃, and the water content is kept at 65% for 4-6 days.

3. Planting

1. Rice mainly adopts wide and narrow row arrangement and directional transplanting, generally wide row 30-34 cm, narrow row 17-20 cm, litter spacing 17 cm, planting 20,000 nests per mu, other cutting and management are the same as high-yield cultivation.

2. Immediately after the mushroom rice harvest, row the box, generally 100-140 cm wide, 67 cm wide, fine and flat, disinfect and control bacteria and kill underground pests with 500 times dichlorvos and 5% formaldehyde around the box. Then, the fermented qualified materials (grass is comprehensive red, the material is fragrant, and has strength and toughness, light pull is easy to break, length is 20-27 cm, and there are a large number of white actinomycetes, ph value about 8, no ammonia smell, dung smell, forage clenched with 2-3 dripping water) evenly spread on the side of the box, spread into an arc, high in the middle and low on both sides, the thickness should be 17-20 cm. The second is fine sowing. In the sowing method, the method of quantitative sub-sowing is carried out, which is first sprinkled on the material surface, then grasped the loose material surface with bamboo rake, and gently patted flat, so that the bacteria mixed with human material within 4.5-5 cm, and then sprinkle another bacteria in the material surface, and flatten so that the bacteria are in full contact with the forage, causing the bacteria to germinate quickly and make the material mud. The third is to cover soil. Immediately after sowing, the soil was covered with a thickness of 5-6.7 cm. Before covering the soil, a small amount of lime water was used to adjust acidity and humidity. The forage was covered strictly for the first time and 3.4-4 cm for the second time. Cover the soil uniformly, the box surface is flat, and then arch canopy, moisturizing and anti-drenching, arch height 20-25 cm, straw canopy covered with a layer of film, conducive to rain, cold, moisturizing and heat preservation, easy to obtain high yield.

IV. Unconventional field management

After covering the soil, it mainly focuses on ventilation, moisturizing and rain protection. After sowing and covering the soil, the autumn bed temperature should be 25 ℃. If the temperature is more than 25 ℃, the canopy should be removed, the sunny day should be exposed, and the method of covering at night should be adhered to. If it is less than 25 ℃, grass curtain and film should be added. Moisture to keep the soil surface from whitening, we should not only pay attention to maintain moisture, but also manage ditches to drain moisture. We should also pay attention to ventilation. During the mycelial growth period, if the growth is too prosperous, choose early or late, every 3-4 days or so, uncover the film and ventilation for 1-2 hours. In case of continuous autumn rain, generally do not uncover the film, curtain, if the hyphae grow out of the soil, to cover a layer of soil, and pay attention to ventilation, to promote the rapid formation of fruiting bodies. When picking mushrooms, fill the mushroom pit (with new soil), pick mushrooms once, apply fertilizer once, generally use 0.45 kg glucose per 100 square meters, 0.9 kg soybean oar (juice), 45-50 yeast slices, 7 vitamins (b2) tablets, spray evenly, so that mushrooms will be thick and strong, tender and white in color, can distribute mushroom fragrance, sufficient stamina in mushroom production period, and high yield.