Production technology of pollution-free Agaricus bisporus

In order to solve the contradiction of bacteria forest and reduce the environmental pollution caused by the development and growth of dairy industry, a pollution-free trial cultivation of Agaricus bisporus was carried out in Renzhu Town in 2003, and good economic and ecological benefits were obtained. At present, it has become the main way to increase agricultural efficiency and increase farmers' income in northern Fujian.

Through several years of follow-up investigation and exploration, the production technology of pollution-free Agaricus bisporus is summarized as follows.

First, the site selection requires a clean place with convenient transportation, adequate water and water supply, convenient drainage, sanitary water quality, good ventilation and far away from pollution sources.

2. Seasonal selection can be carried out according to the optimum temperature range of mushroom mycelium growth (20-28 ℃) and the optimum temperature range for fruiting body formation (12-20 ℃). The stockpiling in northern Fujian is generally arranged from August to October.

Third, the culture material formula requires that the C / N ratio is 18: 30 ∶ 1, the nitrogen content is 1.4-1.6%, and the feed volume is 15~20kg/ square meters. The culture materials were dried rice straw 2000kg, calcium superphosphate 30kg, dried cow dung 1000kg, gypsum powder 50kg, cake powder 80kg, calcium carbonate 40kg, urea 30kg, ammonium bicarbonate 30kg, lime powder 50kg.

4. Fermentation of culture materials

1. Pre-fermentation (1) pre-pile: select mildew-free dry straw, soak it in 1% lime water and pre-wet it fully, then pick it up and step on the pile into a rectangle, grind the cow dung into a sieve, mix it evenly into the cake powder, add water and pre-wet the heap to grow square, and grasp the water content in your hand and put it loosely into the ground.

(2) Construction of pile: after 1 or 2 days of pre-pile, the construction of pile begins. In the storage yard, a pile base with a width of 1.8m and a total length of about 22m was drawn with lime, and ditches were dug around so that the site did not accumulate water. The bottom layer was covered with 30cm thick straw and then alternately covered with cow dung (3~5cm). The height of each layer was about 25cm until the height of the pile was more than 1.5m. When laying straw, the heap edge should be basically vertical, the bedding manure should be more on the side, less inside, less in the lower layer, more in the upper layer, adding water and urea evenly from the third layer, and increasing layer by layer, especially the top layer should be covered with a thick layer of cow dung, and the top should be piled into a tortoise back shape to increase the upper pressure, and a small amount of water will flow out after the pile is finished.

(3) turn the pile: the first turn of the pile: 3-4 days after the pile. The pile is turned vertically before and after changing the pile shape, the stack base length is shortened by about 1.5m, the stack width is 1.7m, and the height of the pile is unchanged. There is an exhaust hole every 1m in the middle of the pile. The exhaust hole can be inserted into the second layer of the pile. When the pile is turned over, the bamboo pole of diameter 12~15cm can be inserted to form the exhaust hole. After shaking the bamboo rod, it is still necessary to pour enough water, and add ammonium fertilizer and calcium superphosphate in layers. After the moisture is mastered and turned over, there is a small amount of fecal water flowing around the pile. The second turn is carried out 3 days after the first turn, and the width of the feed pile is reduced to 1.6m, the height is unchanged, the length is shortened, and exhaust holes are set in the heap. When turning the pile, the dung grass should be loosened as far as possible, adding gypsum and sprinkled on the dung grass as far as possible. In principle, the pile turning is not watered, and a small amount of water is watered in dry places to prevent excessive watering from causing acid rot of the culture material. The third turn: 2-3 days after the second turn. This time, the pile width is 1.6m, the height is unchanged, the length is shortened, the pile shape is turned vertically before and after changing the pile shape, there are exhaust holes in the middle of the pile, and the dung and grass should be turned evenly. The lime powder and calcium carbonate are mixed evenly and scattered on the dung grass in layers. The principle of pre-wet, middle-dry and post-adjustment of material moisture in the whole stacking process should be grasped. (4) the standard of the material when entering the room: the color is brown, the maturity is moderate, it is tough and not easy to break, the quantity is 65% 68%, the PH value is 7.8% 8.5. If the material is too dry, it should be adjusted with lime water.

2. Post-fermentation (1) disinfection of mushroom room: every 100m2 cultivated area of mushroom room was fumigated with formaldehyde 1.5kg and dichlorvos 0.25kg, sealed with water for 24 hours, and then opened the window to remove toxic gas.

(2) feeding: the pre-fermented culture material was quickly moved into the mushroom room and stacked on the middle three-layer bed frame with a thickness increasing from top to bottom (30cm, 33cm, 36cm). The material should be loose and uniform in thickness.

(3) fermentation: after the culture material enters the room, close the doors and windows and let it self-heat up, open and close the window according to the rising material temperature, adjust the air volume, promote its self-heating up to 4852 ℃, raise the temperature for 1 day, and then carry out steam external heat pasteurization, each mushroom room can use steam packed with four gasoline barrels to produce external heat from the stove (the stove must be 2m away from the mushroom room), so that the temperature of the material room can reach 60 ℃ and keep it for 6 hours. After that, the pressure furnace fire was reduced to 48: 52 ℃ and continued to be cultured for 3-5 days, with small ventilation once or twice a day for several minutes each time. If the culture material still smells of ammonia, it must continue to be heated up and cultured until the smell of ammonia disappears.

(4) Culture material standard: the material color is brown, the ripening is uniform, the elasticity is rich, the straw is pulled gently and broken, the water content is about 65%, PH7.5~7.8, has no odor, has a strong material flavor, and the material and the bed frame are covered with cotton-like thermophilic microbial colonies.

5. Cultivation and management techniques

1, timely sowing: select high-quality bacteria after fermentation, open the doors and windows for ventilation, wait for the temperature of the culture material to drop to about 30 ℃, spread the culture material in all layers, turn it up and down and shake it loose, if the culture material is too dry, you can properly spray the lime water prepared by cold boiled water and turn it again to make it dry and wet evenly; if the material is wet, you can shake the material loose and increase ventilation to reduce the water content of the material. Then flatten the material surface, and the thickness of the material layer is about 20cm. When the material temperature is about 28 ℃ and the external temperature is more than 30 ℃, 1.5 bottles of wheat seeds are used for every 1 square meter of cultivated area, sowed and partially turned into the material surface, compacted and leveled, doors and windows properly closed, heat preservation and moisture preservation to promote the germination of bacteria.

2. Germ: within 2-3 days after sowing, if the room temperature exceeds 28 ℃, it should be properly ventilated and cooled down. 3 days later, when the strain has germinated and the mycelium whitened and grew on the material, the ventilation rate should be increased appropriately. After 7-10 days after sowing, the basic cover of the mycelium was gradually added, and the relative wet room of the mushroom room was controlled at about 80%. Generally, the hyphae can send bacteria to the bottom of the material 18-20 days after sowing.

3. Covering soil: select the field that did not use mushroom waste in that year, take the soil after autumn harvest, air dry or use peat soil, break the soil, the diameter is 1~1.5cm, every 100m2 of soil amount of 4000kg plus 40kg lime and soil particles are evenly mixed, the PH value is controlled to 7.5. Soil particles are treated with 5% Jiapeng liquid 34.8kg/100 square meters evenly sprayed with soil particles and covered with film disinfection for 24 hours. Transfer the treated soil particles to water and control the water content at 75% (squeeze into a ball by hand and disperse when you fall to the ground). 15-20 days after sowing, the hyphae were almost covered with soil, and the total thickness of the soil layer should be 3.0~4.0cm. Within 3 days after covering the soil, the method of light spraying was gradually adjusted to the required humidity, and the relative humidity of the mushroom room was controlled at about 90%. After two days, the ventilation rate was increased appropriately, which was beneficial to the mycelium climbing soil.

4. Mushroom production management: after 12 days of covering the soil, when the mycelium is just seen in the soil seam, spray mushroom water in time, the amount of water sprayed is 2-3 times of the usual, and the amount of water absorbed by the soil layer shall prevail. While spraying mushroom water, the ventilation rate must be 3-4 times larger than usual. When the temperature is higher than 22 ℃, the amount of spraying water should be appropriately reduced to increase ventilation, and the spraying of mushroom water should be postponed. When soy bean-sized mushroom thunder appears in the seams, spray mushroom water in time. During the mushroom harvest period, the indoor relative humidity should be kept at 90% 95%, and the amount of spraying water should be controlled according to the mushroom quantity and climate. In general, water spraying on the bed should be mainly intermittent spraying, supplemented by light spraying, from more to less, more spraying of mushrooms, less spraying of mushrooms on sunny days, less spraying on cloudy and rainy days, avoiding closing water on rainy days, and avoiding spraying water in indoor high temperatures and before mushroom picking. The ventilation rate in the early stage of each tide mushroom should be appropriately increased, but the relative humidity of the mushroom room should be kept at about 90%. When the air temperature is higher than 20 ℃, the air temperature should be ventilated and sprayed in the morning and evening or at night, and when the temperature is below 15 ℃, it should be ventilated and sprayed at noon. The whole process of cultivation and management should correctly deal with the relationship among water spraying, ventilation and moisturizing.

6. Harvest when the fruiting body grows to the standard size (2.5~5cm), the mushroom should be picked in time, the tide should be picked steadily, the dense mushroom should be picked frequently, the middle mushroom should be few, and the tidal tail mushroom should be picked quickly. When the temperature of mushroom house is higher than 18 ℃, it should be picked early, and when it is lower than 14 ℃, it can be picked late. When the mushrooms are dense, the picking should be pressed down slightly and then rotated to avoid driving the surrounding mushrooms. When picking mushrooms, cut them off with a knife. After picking mushrooms, you should remove mushroom feet, dead mushrooms, old mushrooms and old roots, fill up the soil in time, and keep the bed flat. Spraying appropriate amount of high-yield additives in the later stage of cultivation can increase the yield. Generally, fresh Agaricus bisporus 8~13kg can be produced per square meter.