1 clinical symptoms

The symptoms of urolithiasis vary with the location of the stones. (1) Renal pelvis calculi: the sick dogs showed emaciation, reduced diet, poor spirit, inactivity, basically normal urination, and sometimes hematuria. Individual dogs will have lower back pain, arched back and other symptoms. But usually the clinical symptoms are not obvious. (2) bladder calculi: it can cause inflammation of the lower urinary tract of diseased dogs, such as frequent urination, urgent urination, hematuria and painful dripping urine. (3) urethral calculi: in addition to the symptoms of bladder stones, diseased dogs often have dysuria, urination, bladder filling, increased abdominal circumference, and serious perineal hernia. Male sick dogs often cause painful urine dripping and intermittent urinary incontinence when the bladder is full of urine.

2 diagnosis

The diagnosis of urolithiasis is generally based on bladder filling, frequent urination, hematuria, urine closure and other clinical symptoms combined with abdominal wall palpation, and then palpation is carried out by X-ray photography and B-ultrasound examination.

2.1 in dogs with urethral calculi by palpation, it can be found that the urethra is pathologically enlarged and the catheter is not easy to be inserted during catheterization. Examination of dogs with bladder stones will find that the bladder wall is thickened and stones in the bladder can sometimes be palpated.

2.2 X-ray examination, the dog will lie on its side, two hind legs pulled back, select the right size of the film, pelvis and urethra photography. If you see a full bladder and dense foreign bodies in the renal pelvis, bladder or urethra, you can make a diagnosis. For small stones like fine sand, it is necessary to observe carefully to determine. Sometimes some permeable stones, such as cystine stones and inflammatory exudates, cannot be seen on X-rays and can be examined by B-ultrasound.

2.3 differential diagnosis of hematuria is a common symptom of the urinary system. Urolithiasis, cystitis, prostatitis, reproductive and urinary system injuries can cause hematuria. (1) cystitis: oliguria and frequent urination, hematuria, turbid malodorous urine and dysuria; and hematuria is especially serious at the end of urination, palpation has painful contractile reaction, bladder wall thickening, X-ray examination without stone-like particles. (2) Reproductive system damage: postpartum or endometritis and other urine with blood, but urgent urination, frequent urination and other symptoms are not obvious. (3) urinary system injury: hematuria caused by trauma or parasites, the former has an obvious history of trauma, while the latter has weight loss, abdominal pain, constipation and vomiting.

3Conservative treatment

For smooth round stones smaller than 0.5cm in diameter, without urinary tract obstruction or infection, and with good renal function, drugs can be used.

3.1 remove the inducement of renal calculi and actively treat the causes of calculi, such as removal of parathyroid glands during primary hyperparathyroidism, treatment of malignant tumors, control of renal pelvis infection and relief of urinary tract obstruction, are effective measures to prevent stone formation and recurrence.

3.2 General treatment (1) ensure adequate drinking water: especially in summer and at night, in order to avoid excessive concentration of urine at night, emphasis must be placed on drinking water before going to bed and drinking again in the middle of the night. It is best to drink magnetized water containing minerals to maintain a daily urine volume of 2 to 3L, which can dilute urine, reduce crystal precipitation, flush the urinary tract and expel tiny stones. (2) Diet: the dietary composition should be determined according to the type of stone and the alkalinity of urine. For idiopathic hypercalciuria, calcium intake should be limited to reduce urinary calcium content. For recurrent oxalate stones without high urinary calcium, there is no need for a low-calcium diet. If because the low calcium diet causes the urine oxalate excretion to increase and forms the stone, also should not adopt the low calcium diet. Control sodium intake, too much sodium intake can increase urinary calcium excretion. When hyperuricemia and hyperuricuria, eat a low-purine diet, avoid eating animal internal organs and eat less meat.

3.3 Drug treatment

3.3.1 hypercalciuria (1) thiazide diuretics: it can increase the reabsorption of calcium in renal tubules and reduce urinary calcium excretion by reducing the reabsorption of water and sodium in renal tubules and the direct effect on the transport system of sodium and potassium ions in renal tubules. The resulting increase in blood calcium can inhibit the absorption of intestinal calcium. For renal hypercalciuria and absorptive hypercalciuria. Dihydrochlorothiazide daily 50~100mg, or corresponding dose of other diuretics. (2) Sodium phosphate fiber resin: after oral administration, it combines with calcium in the intestinal tract to limit the absorption of calcium, 2.5-5g each time, taken when eating. Due to the decrease of calcium in the intestinal cavity and the decrease of the combination of calcium and oxalic acid, the intestinal absorption of oxalic acid increased, so the intake of oxalic acid should be properly restricted at the same time. Primary hyperparathyroidism, renal hypercalciuria, increased bone calcium mobilization and growing dogs are not suitable for use. (3) Phosphate: neutral or alkaline soluble sodium phosphate or potassium salt combines with calcium to form calcium phosphate, which reduces urinary calcium concentration and calcium oxalate saturation. Glomerular filtration rate is lower than 30ml/min and urinary tract infection is not available because it can cause metastatic soft tissue calcification and infectious stones.

3.3.2 hyperoxaluria (1) enterogenic hyperoxaluria: limiting the intake of oxalic acid and fat and supplementing potassium citrate can decrease the pH value of urine and increase citric acid. (2) Primary hyperoxaluria: some dogs responded to vitamin B6 (200mg/d). It is sometimes effective to increase urine volume, use thiazide diuretics and citrate, and supplement phosphorus.

3.3.3 potassium citrate can effectively limit this effect in low citrate acid calcium-containing kidney stones.

Previous page [1] [2] next page