Skills of planting, managing and harvesting potatoes

(1) selecting land for fertilization

Select the sandy loam with deep soil layer and loose and fertile soil, plough and crush the soil, and cultivate it after leveling. Potato needs a large amount of fertilizer in the early and middle stages of growth. In order to ensure normal growth and development, base fertilizer must be re-applied. Generally, 2500-3000 kg of farm manure, 50 kg of phosphate fertilizer and 15 kg of potash (or 100-200 kg of plant ash) are applied per mu. Nest or furrow application is carried out when transplanting.

(2) sowing seeds

1. Select improved varieties: it is appropriate to select varieties with high yield, high quality, strong disease resistance and suitable for local planting, especially virus-free potatoes.

2. Sowing at the right time: planting in spring, usually about a month before the late frost, and the external temperature can be sown when the temperature is more than 5 ℃. In order to plant commercial potatoes, and based on the principle of not being harmed by late frost, we should strive for timely early sowing and early listing, and the specific sowing time should be determined according to the local microclimate conditions.

3. Seed potato treatment: in order to prevent the infection of seed potato, it is best to soak it in 0.3% formalin for 20 minutes before sowing, seal it in a plastic bag or airtight container for about 6 hours, or soak it in 0.5% copper sulfate solution for 2 hours for disinfection. In order to prevent the emergence of seed potatoes from being delayed due to the dormancy period, soak the seeds in gibberellin solution of 2~3ppm for 5 minutes for 10 minutes or soak in 0.5% lime water for 1 hour or 2 hours to break dormancy.

4. Sowing density and depth: most potatoes are planted in two sets of two zones with corn. Generally, it is suitable to sow 3000mu and 3200 plants per mu, with row spacing of 1mm and 1.2 feet and nest spacing of 7cm. It is best to choose 20 to 25 grams of small whole potato sowing, if the seed potato is too large should be cut into pieces, cut size in 20 to 25 grams, and do a good job of incision disinfection, keep the sowing rate at 60 to 80 kilograms. In pure cropping, the planting density per mu was kept at 3600 to 4200 plants, and the sowing rate was about 100 kg. The suitable sowing depth is 10-15 cm. The suitable sowing depth can prevent frostbite or sunburn, increase the tuber layer, and improve the yield and quality.

(3) Field management

1. Ploughing and soil cultivation: while removing weeds in the field, it can thicken the soil layer, increase the soil temperature, increase the soil range of tuber growth, and increase the number of underground rhizomes, which plays an important role in increasing yield. Generally speaking, soil cultivation should be carried out once in mid-late April and from May to early June. Mid-tillage soil cultivation in the early stage of potato growth can increase soil temperature and promote germination growth, while middle-tillage soil cultivation in the middle and later stage can enhance soil permeability and facilitate tuber expansion.

2. Reasonable topdressing: the growth rate of potato is faster, in addition to applying sufficient base fertilizer, we should also pay attention to topdressing to promote robust growth. General topdressing 2 times, combined with ploughing and soil cultivation. The first time to give priority to nitrogen fertilizer, 10 kg per mu of urea, can also be used with about 25 piculs of human feces and urine, 100 grams of urea per load. The second time is mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, with 20,25kg phosphate fertilizer per mu and 5kg potassium fertilizer (or 100kg plant ash) per mu.

3. Blossom and thinning: the branching of potato is strong. If the planting is too dense or too much nitrogen fertilizer, the growth is too prosperous and the density is too high, which will affect the development of the underground part. We should carry out branch thinning in time, remove diseased branches and weak branches, enhance ventilation and light, and reduce diseases. In the period of bud formation, the buds should be removed in time to avoid nutrient consumption, promote the concentrated supply of nutrients to tubers and increase yield.

4. prevention and control of diseases and insect pests: the most serious diseases and insect pests of potato are late blight, virus disease, tuber moth and aphids. Prevention should be taken and comprehensive control should be carried out actively, such as selection of disease-resistant varieties, rational use of drugs and so on. About 20 days after transplanting, clear manure water was sprayed with urea 15kg / mu and potassium chloride 5kg / mu at bud and bolting stage. At early flowering stage and full flowering stage, 0.51kg urea, 0.15kg / mu potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.15kg / mu borax were sprayed on 45kg / mu of water.

Pest control measures: before seedling stage (before opening), emphasis should be placed on the control of aphids, cabbage green worm, leaf miner, downy mildew, downy mildew at bud bolting stage, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at early flowering stage, and aphids at podding stage. When using drugs, pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residues should be selected.

(4) timely harvest

About 30 days after the final flowering, when the pod of 2/3 of the whole plant is yellowish green, the base of the main inflorescence is loquat color, and the seed coat is dark brown or yellow, it is the suitable harvest time, that is, "medium well, 100% harvest", it should be harvested in time.