Pollution-free and High-yield cultivation techniques of Potato

In recent years, with the adjustment of agricultural planting structure and the development of high-yield, high-quality and high-efficiency agriculture, the planting area of potato in our city has been increasing continuously. the author and the researchers of Laiwu Agricultural Science Institute studied the pollution-free, high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation techniques of potato, summarized the pollution-free spring sowing and autumn delayed cultivation techniques of potato, and successfully realized the bumper harvest of pollution-free spring sowing and autumn delayed cultivation. It is remarkable to increase production and increase efficiency, and the main technologies are summarized as follows.

1. General situation of the experimental site

Fengcheng subdistrict office in Laiwu City, Shandong Province is an important pollution-free potato production base in central Shandong Province. The average annual temperature is 12.5 ℃, the average temperature in January is-2.8 ℃, the annual precipitation is 760mm, the frost-free period is 203 days, the average annual effective accumulated temperature is 4264.5 ℃, and the average annual sunshine hours is 2629.2 hours. The soil is loam, the soil layer is deep, organic matter 7.3mg/kg, total nitrogen 6.5mg/kg, total phosphorus 4.5mg/kg, alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen 49mg/kg, available phosphorus 4.8mg/kg, available potassium 136mg/kg, soil PH6.5~7.0, good drainage. In the three years of experiment, the general yield of spring sowing was 2000~2500kg/667 square meters, and the high yield was 3500kg/667 square meters. The average output of autumn sowing is 2285kg/667 square meters, with high price and good benefit.

2. Main production technology

2.1 selection of improved varieties: virus-free varieties with high quality, high yield and disease resistance were selected, such as Luyin 1, Jinyin 8, Holland 15, Dongnong 303, Zhongshu 2, Taishan 1, Kexin 1 and so on. Seed potatoes should be disease-free, insect-free, rot-free and damage-free.

2.2 soil preparation and fertilization: the production site should be clean and hygienic, away from the polluted areas with "three industrial wastes", and choose deep soil layer, convenient drainage and irrigation, loose and fertile soil, straight sandy loam soil, and non-eggplant fruit and potato vegetables in the previous crop. 15 days before sowing, high-quality mature organic fertilizer 5000kg/667 square meters or rotten chicken manure 1000~1500kg, potassium sulfate ternary compound fertilizer (N15%, P15%, K15%) 100~150kg were applied in two stages, half of which were sprinkled before ploughing, and half were applied on one side of the sowing ditch or in the seeding ditch at the time of sowing. 10% potassium sulfate fertilizer was added to the compound fertilizer in order to increase the supply of potash fertilizer in the soil. Turn deeply and rake twice to make the ground level.

2.3seed potato treatment: the method of slicing and sprouting was adopted in Chung sowing. The disease-free and freeze-free seed potato was cut 10-15 days before sowing. At least 1-2 bud eyes were left in each piece and placed in a dark and humid place to promote sprouting. When the bud grew 0.5~1.0cm, spread out and air the bud for 2-3 days before sowing. The germination of autumn sowing potato is due to the late harvest of seed potato in spring shed or open field, and the seed potato has not completely passed dormancy in autumn sowing. In order to prevent the seedling from emerging late and the plant potential weak, the whole potato was soaked with 5~10mg/kg gibberellin aqueous solution before sprouting, sliced with 0.5~1mg/kg gibberellin aqueous solution, soaked for 5 minutes for 10 minutes, and less cool after soaking seeds. The sprouting was accelerated by direct accumulation method or sand accumulation method. During direct accumulation, the seed potatoes after soaking seeds are slightly cool and then piled in a cool and ventilated place to shelter from the rain. Each pile of seed potatoes is about 30kg, and then covered with grass to moisturize for 7 days and 10 days to check the potato pile. When the buds reach 2~3cm, open the potato stacks and detect the seed potatoes. Let the buds green for 1 or 2 days and sow seeds. Sand layer is a layer of wet sand and a layer of seed potato, general 2~3cm, other methods are the same as the direct accumulation method. The advantages of sprouting stage and seedling stage of autumn sowing potato make late blight, early blight and other diseases easy to epidemic in the climate of high temperature and high humidity, resulting in rotten bed and irregular emergence of potato seedlings in autumn. In order to prevent the disease and ensure the whole seedling, we must do a good job in the treatment of seed potato. Choose 64% poison alum or 50% carbendazim 500 × 600 times solution to soak the seeds for 15 minutes for 20 minutes; or after sowing, spray the seed ditch with the above solution or mix the ∶ soil with 1 ∶ 40 and spread the seed ditch with 5kg every 667m2.

2.4 sowing date: spring sowing chooses to sow at the end of February and early March. The suitable time for sowing potato in spring is when the air temperature is stable at 5: 7 ℃ and the soil temperature at the depth of soil 10cm reaches 7: 8 ℃. Plastic film mulching cultivation can increase the soil temperature by 3 to 5 ℃, generally sowing about 10 days earlier, and plastic film mulching cultivation can be used from late February to early March in central Shandong. It is more suitable for autumn sowing from "the Beginning of Autumn" to "the End of Heat" (August 5-15).

2.5 sowing technique: sowing seeds with large and small rows on the land that is deeply turned over and raked flat. When sowing, large row spacing 50cm, small row spacing 30~40cm and plant spacing 25~30cm are suitable for spring sowing and autumn sowing. In principle, early-maturing varieties should be dense, late-maturing varieties should be sparse; fertile land should be sparse, thin land should be dense, early sowing should be sparse, late sowing should be dense; long delay time, edible potato should be sparse, delay time is short, seed potato should be dense. Using ditch sowing, you can first water the potato pieces in the ditch, bud up, in order to control underground pests, use 50% phoxim 250ml per mu to spread fine soil 10~15kg, and then cover the soil. Apply ternary compound fertilizer 70kg and ammonium bicarbonate 50kg in the middle of the two plants, and then cultivate the soil after covering the soil, ridge height 10~15cm, and then spray 50% Acetochlor EC 150ml every 667m2, evenly spray water 40~50kg to control weeds, and finally cover the plastic film, and the plastic film should be pressed well to achieve the effect of weeding, preserving soil moisture, increasing temperature and increasing yield. When sowing in autumn, first, avoid rainy days, second, sow shallow, sow deep within 5cm, prevent sowing too deeply in autumn waterlogging or rainy days, and third, cover the ground with corn straw or sunshade net after sowing, so as to reduce soil temperature and reduce soil water evaporation.

2.6 Field management

2.6.1 timely film breaking and seedling replanting: when the young leaves are spreading, the sown potato will cut through the plastic film, release the seedlings, and cover the hole with fine soil. Check the seedlings in time after sowing potatoes in autumn. For the plots with a large degree of rotten seeds and more than 50% lack of seedlings, seed seedlings should be re-selected for soil preparation and sowing, and for those plots with few seedlings, large buds with green leaves should be adopted to directly dig holes for planting, or strong and strong seedlings can be selected from the base of the seed block to plant seedlings in the field.

2.6.2 timely hoeing, soil cultivation and ridge support: generally, after watering and after rain, the soil should be loosened, and at the same time, soil should be cultivated many times after potato emergence. In the later stage of growth, the potato exposed to the ground and soil cracks should be cultivated in time to prevent the potato from turning green.

2.6.3 Fertilizer and water management: spring sowing potato should mainly increase temperature and preserve soil moisture before emergence, and keep the soil moist, generally without watering, if the soil is dry, it should be properly watered; after seedling emergence, it is mainly to preserve soil moisture and promote growth in the rosette stage, and strive to pay close attention to early topdressing, early watering, early ploughing, mainly quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, and applying pure nitrogen 2.5~5kg per 667m2. To blossom, mainly to preserve soil moisture, in case of soil drought should be timely watering, generally not topdressing; before and in the middle of tuber, keep the soil moist, in the later stage, reduce soil moisture to facilitate later storage. If the base fertilizer is insufficient, 0.2% 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate is sprayed twice in the middle and later stages of plant growth to prevent premature senescence. During the budding and flowering stage, 15% paclobutrazol 20g 25g is sprayed on water 40~50kg to prevent overgrowth in every 667m2 field. In order to increase the yield, bulking hormone can be sprayed at the beginning of the expansion period to promote the expansion of potato lumps.

2.6.4 Autumn delay buckle shed and management technology: bamboo slices or small bamboo poles are used as arches, generally long 4cm bamboo slices and 4 rows of potatoes are selected. Small bamboo poles can be butted with small heads without setting up columns. The shed should be completed before October 20, that is, before the arrival of the early frost, and the shed materials should be prepared. Cover the greenhouse film when the temperature is lower than 15 ℃ in the daytime and lower than 7 ℃ at night, the arrival time of the early frost in our city is generally after October 20, and the shed will be buckled in time according to the weather changes. Keep 20: 25 ℃ in the shed during the day and 10: 15 ℃ at night, no matter what the weather is like, should be ventilated during the day. When the daytime temperature is more than 20 ℃ and the night temperature is more than 10 ℃, the film should be opened all day, when the daytime temperature is more than 15 ℃, the night temperature is 7 ℃, the whole day is ventilated, when the daytime temperature is lower than 15 ℃, the night temperature is lower than 7 ℃, and the daytime vents are small to large, and then properly ventilated from big to small in order to avoid frost damage. If the humidity in the shed is too high, it should be ventilated in time, and should be ventilated early on a frost-free sunny day.

2.6.5 timely control of diseases and insect pests: prevention and control of virus diseases: strengthening field management to prevent high temperature and drought. At the initial stage of the disease, spray with 20% virus A500 times or 1.5% Zhishanling emulsion 1000 times.