New techniques of returning to nature cultivation of organic ecotype of mushroom

The traditional technology of mushroom production is based on rice and wheat straw, but with the mechanized harvesting and the expansion of straw returning area, the supply of rice and wheat straw is becoming less and less, which limits the production of mushrooms. In order to solve the problem of shortage of raw materials in the process of mushroom production, we have successfully explored the new technology of returning to nature cultivation of organic ecotype of mushroom in recent years, which solves the contradiction between supply and demand of rice and wheat straw, simplifies the operation procedure, and turns mushroom planting in autumn into weekly production in spring and autumn. The planting cost has been reduced by 30% to 50%. If this technology can be popularized, it will inevitably improve the economic benefits of mushrooms and promote the rapid development of the edible mushroom industry.

The main points of its cultivation techniques are introduced as follows:

1. Seasonal arrangement. It can be cultivated in both spring and autumn. The cultivation grabs the word "early" in spring and makes a bed while thawing. The soil temperature is above 8 ℃ to sow seeds. In autumn, the planting temperature is 28 ℃.

2. Strain selection and selection of high-quality strains is the basis for doing a good job in mushroom production, and its quality directly affects the yield of mushrooms. It is necessary to do a good job in the selection and cultivation of mushrooms. Generally, the cultivated varieties suitable for our land are Zhenong No. 1 or 2796.

3. The formula of cultivation material is dry manure such as pig, cow dung, human urine manure, soil miscellaneous fertilizer, old material of Pleurotus ostreatus, a small amount of rice and wheat straw as the main raw materials, and a small amount of auxiliary materials, such as soybean cake, cottonseed cake, organic fertilizer, urea, phosphate fertilizer and so on.

Recipe (in 111m2):

① rice and wheat straw 250kg, urea 15kg, dry manure 1000kg, phosphate fertilizer 25kg, cake fertilizer 100kg, gypsum 15kg, lime 30kg, calcium carbonate 15kg

② rice and wheat straw 250kg, urea 15kg, dry manure l000kg, organic fertilizer 75kg, cake fertilizer 100kg, gypsum 15kg, lime 25kg, calcium carbonate 15kg

③ old Pleurotus ostreatus 1000kg, urea 10kg, dry manure 1000kg, organic fertilizer 75kg, cake fertilizer 75kg, gypsum 15kg, lime 15kg, calcium carbonate 15kg.

4. Composting fermentation. Choose one of the above formulations, mix the raw materials well and pile them on the cement floor to form a trapezoid with a bottom width of 1.2m 1.4m, a top width of 1.2m, a height of 1.3m and 1.5m, and an unlimited length. Each vent hole of 30cm is covered with a clean straw curtain or plastic film for heat preservation. When the material temperature reaches 65-75 ℃, the pile is turned for 3-5 days. The whole fermentation process is turned only twice, and the humidity is controlled at about 80% during turning. PH7.5~8, moisture regulation adopts the principle of "one wet, two regulation and three looks", that is, the moisture should be sufficient when the pile is built the first time, the moisture should be adjusted when the material is turned the second time, and whether or not to add water should be determined by the dry humidity of the material itself when the material is turned the third time.

5. Preparation of nutritious soil. Soil mulching is the key technology to capture the high yield of mushroom. Because of the high quality requirement of covering soil, the preparation of nutritious soil must be done 10 days before sowing. In principle, the soil should be taken on the spot. 150kg of cow manure and pig manure and 50kg of plant ash should be added to each 111m2 of nutritious soil. The water consumption is higher than that of conventional soil, and it is better to mix the soil into particles repeatedly, and the pH value is about 8.

6. Build a border bed to sow seeds. The drainage of the site for growing mushrooms is good. According to the different conditions of the cultivation households, three-dimensional cultivation or flat cultivation can be carried out in the shed, or open cultivation can be carried out in the open air or woodland, but it is necessary to build a shed to protect against rain, the mushroom bed is generally 40~60cm wide and unlimited in length, the working path should be left between the bed and the bed, the drainage ditch should be opened, and the bed surface is curved for drainage, and the mushroom production area can be increased, and the mushroom bed should be sprinkled with lime before use. And spray 37% formaldehyde 200 times solution to sterilize. The fermented culture material was evenly scattered on the border bed, and the bacteria were evenly scattered on the surface of the material, with a seed amount of 300,400 bottles per 111m2. Finally, the nutrient soil was evenly covered with thick 1.5~2cm, covered with a thin film to keep heat and moisture to promote the growth of bacteria.

7. Management of fungus and mushroom production. After planting and sowing in spring, as the ground temperature increases gradually, the film covered on the bed should be removed during the day. 15-18 days after sowing, the hyphae can penetrate the soil layer, when the bacteria are uniform, uncover the film, clean the bed and mend the soil, make a shed to shade, and flexibly adjust moisture according to mushroom emergence, soil moisture and climate change. general principles: mushrooms spray more often, mushrooms spray less when less, do not see mushrooms; spray mushrooms more often, spray less when mushrooms are big and less; spray more in sunny days, less spray or no spraying in cloudy days; spray more around the door, less spray in the middle of mushrooms Heavy hit mushroom water, gently beat nutritious water, frequently hit air moisturizing water, do not hit ultra-warm water, do not hit tidal tail water; bed temperature is above 20 ℃, do not draw water during the day, spray water at night. When spraying water, the sprinkler should be raised to prevent damage to hyphae and young mushrooms, and the air humidity should be kept at about 90%. After spraying water, it should be ventilated and ventilated. When you see that the soil does not shine, it means that the water has been inhaled into the soil before closing the shed. When the temperature is high, the ventilation is cooled, and when the temperature is low, the ventilation volume is reduced appropriately.

8. Harvest. Mushrooms should be harvested at the right time in order to ensure the quality. The mushroom should be picked twice a day when the temperature is above 20 ℃ and once a day when the temperature is 16 ℃. The mushroom should be smaller, but not large. When the temperature is below 14 ℃, the fruiting body grows slowly, the mushroom stalk is strong, and the mushroom can be cultivated and harvested. Mushroom shape is small and dense, should be picked early and small, lack of nutrients is easy to open umbrella, should be picked early. After harvest, the mushroom feet, dead mushrooms and old roots on the bed should be cleaned in time to prevent the spread of diseases and insect pests; the holes should be filled in time to prevent the hyphae from being damaged by low-lying water on the bed.

9. The characteristics of this technology have been tested for several years, which shows that the technology has the following characteristics.

① raw materials are abundant: mainly use farm manure, pig, cattle, sheep, chicken, duck manure, etc., supplemented by a small amount of rice and wheat straw.

The operation of ② is simple: border, sowing and soil covering are in place at one time, and the nutrient fermentation process is only turned twice, which saves time, labor and labor.

③ has the advantages of short cycle and high benefit: by making full use of natural conditions, the nutrition of cultivation is reduced by about 60%. It takes only 15 to 20 days from sowing to mushroom, and the yield of fresh mushroom is 9~18kg/m2 per unit area.