Soil covering Technology in Mushroom cultivation

In the process of mushroom cultivation and management, soil mulching is an important work after sowing, and the technical requirements are very high.

1. Selection and treatment of soil covering materials.

The main results are as follows: (1) the selection of soil covering materials requires good water absorption and water retention, as well as good ventilation, and it is best to choose neutral clay loam with a viscosity of about 40%, aggregate structure and a small amount of humus. This kind of soil does not stick when it is wet and does not spread when it is dry, and there are cracks at the edge of the soil particles. Through the comparative experiment on paddy soil, wheat soil and vegetable garden soil, it was found that because of high nitrogen content, vegetable garden soil was easy to cause mycelium growth, physiological diseases such as "bacterial membrane" and "bacterial quilt" occurred, and the amount of mushroom per unit area was less. it is also easy to cause diseases and insect pests because of more bacterial spores and eggs. The aeration and water-holding capacity of wheat field soil are better, the amount of mushroom per unit area is more, and the diseases and insect pests are relatively less. There is little difference between paddy soil and wheat soil with good soil structure. The more viscous soil can also be used better by adding 30% to 50% yellow soil, or 5% fresh husk (no rice grains in the hull). River mud and pond mud in areas with serious mushroom diseases and insect pests are prohibited.

(2) material treatment

1) soil collection: dig up the soil that has not been used mushroom waste in that year one month before covering the soil. When taking the soil, first remove the topsoil 4cm, then dig the soil, and expose it to the dry state in the hot sun, then break it, remove impurities and sift it. The sieve hole diameter of coarse soil is 2 cm and that of fine soil is 1.5 cm. The soil grain should not be too large and the soil quality should not be too hard.

2) treatment: generally, the cultivated area of 100 square meters needs about 3 tons of soil. Need lime 30 kg, formaldehyde 10 kg 15 kg, dichlorvos 0.5 kg, rice chaff 50 kg 125 kg, first mix these four materials well (leaving a small amount of formaldehyde and dichlorvos to adjust the water content after mixing the soil), then mix well with the cultivated soil repeatedly, adjust the water content until kneading by hand, falling to the ground, the pH value is 7-7.5, uncover the film after 24 hours, and then cover the soil to bed after the smell of medicine is eliminated. After the soil cover is made, it is necessary to prevent rain to ensure a good aggregate structure.

2. Soil covering time

Generally speaking, 14-20 days after mushroom seed sowing, the hyphae of each seeding hole are close to each other, and the growth has reached the depth of more than 2/3 of the culture material, when covering soil is the most suitable. For example, in order to produce mushrooms early, without waiting for the mycelium to grow to the end, the hyphae on the surface of the culture material grow upward to the soil layer, while the hyphae inside the culture material continue to grow down. On the contrary, the hyphae growing in both directions climbed slowly, delayed the time of mushroom emergence, and the yield was low.

3. Soil covering and management

(1) preparation before covering the soil

2) dry material surface: the surface of the culture material should be kept dry, so that the mycelium can recover quickly after the soil is covered with water and climb the soil quickly. Do not spray water on the material surface. If the material surface is wet, you should open the doors and windows for large ventilation to blow dry the material surface.

3) "scratching bacteria": gently scratch and flatten the material surface with your hand before covering the soil, and then gently pat it flat with a plank. In this way, the mycelium of the material surface is destroyed and broken into more mycelium segments. After soil mulching and water transfer, the mycelium segments resume growth one after another, and the villi hyphae growing in the material surface and soil layer are more and more vigorous, which can increase the yield by 15% to 20%.

(2) soil covering method and thickness

1) method: cover the soil twice, cover the coarse soil first, and then cover the fine soil. When covering the soil, first cover the large soil particles evenly on the material surface, and then gently pat it flat with a plank. After adjusting the water content in the large soil particles, spread the small soil particles evenly on top and cover them.

2) thickness: the total thickness of the covered soil is generally 4 cm, of which the coarse soil is 2.5 cm and the fine soil is 1.5 cm. The thickness of the covered soil layer should be uniform. If the soil cover is too thin, the hyphae are easy to knot and form clusters to form buds, forming a certain competition for survival, such as small mushrooms, thin mushrooms, stalks and dead mushrooms. In production, the thickness of the covered soil layer can be used to adjust the size of the fruiting body and improve the quality of mushrooms.

(3) treatment after covering soil

1) sterilization and disinfestation: within 3 days after covering the soil, the highly effective fungicide developed by Fujian Mushroom strain Research and Promotion Station, 400 g / 230 square meters with 160 kg of water, was evenly sprayed on the covered soil layer and around the mushroom house to prevent miscellaneous bacteria infection.

2) Water transfer: the principle of water transfer in coarse soil should be wet before dry, which promotes the growth of hyphae in the interior and lower part of the moist coarse soil, but does not extend to the surface of coarse soil; fine soil is dry first and then wet, and the early fine soil is drier than coarse soil, which promotes the mycelium to continue to grow in the coarse soil layer and fully grow into the coarse soil, and then gradually increase the amount of spraying water to promote the mycelium to grow between the coarse soil and fine soil without protruding the soil surface. Once the hyphae grow into the fine soil, it is necessary to strengthen ventilation and cool down in time to make the surface of the fine soil dry, forcing the hyphae to grow horizontally and kink into mushroom buds under the fine soil and above the coarse soil.