Several problems needing attention in the cultivation of mushrooms in autumn

The growth and development of mushroom is very sensitive to temperature, and higher temperature is disadvantageous to the growth and development of mushroom. Therefore, the suitable period for cultivated mushroom is generally winter and spring. In order to meet the demand of the market, some places have tried to cultivate mushrooms in autumn in recent years. therefore, several outstanding problems that should be paid attention to in autumn cultivation are introduced in this paper.

1 cultivation season and altitude according to the biological characteristics of mushroom, the temperature range of mycelium growth is 6 ℃ 32 ℃, and the temperature range of fruiting body growth and development is 7 Mel 25 ℃. As a result, most mushroom cultivation areas are distributed in temperate and subtropical zones, while the largest mushroom farm in the world is built in tropical Indonesia. Under the cooperation of Dutch technology, Diengdjaga Company in Java, Indonesia, made use of the low temperature in the high altitude mountain area. In the 1990s, a fresh mushroom farm with an annual output of 3000t was built on the mountain of 2000m above sea level in the northwest of Yokjakarta city in Central Java Island, which is a good reference for the development of mushroom cultivation in autumn in China. In the high-altitude mountain areas of our country, it is suitable to cultivate mushrooms in a certain season and the average temperature will reach an appropriate range, but in most areas of Fujian, when mushrooms are planted in autumn, the altitude is required to be at least above 900 Mushroom 1200 m before they can be cultivated in late autumn, and the earlier the cultivation time is, the higher the required altitude is, the lower the latitude is, and the higher the required altitude is, otherwise, more mushroom buds will die in the early stage.

A prominent problem in the cultivation of mushroom in autumn is high temperature. In recent years, the breeding of excellent strains of mushroom in China has made rapid progress, but so far, there are still few strains that can tolerate high temperature. some strains can withstand a certain high temperature, but the yield and quality are not satisfactory. this is also an important factor that it is difficult to produce mushrooms on a large scale in summer and autumn. Therefore, the cultivation of mushrooms in autumn should not only choose high altitude areas, but also select strains that are more resistant to high temperature. At present, only As2796 and some adherent strain 176and high temperature mushrooms are generally suitable for autumn planting at high altitude. High temperature mushrooms can obviously withstand the high temperature of 38 ℃, but the yield is not high.

(3) the design of the mushroom shed affects the absorption of thermal radiation energy and the exchange of gas, thus affecting the ecological microclimate in the greenhouse. Therefore, the requirements for the establishment of mushroom shed are different in different seasons. Generally, the mushroom shed should be small in winter and spring and large in summer and autumn. For mushrooms cultivated in winter and spring in eastern Fujian, the mushroom shed is generally 200 won 250 square meters; when cultivated in the suburbs of Shanghai in late autumn, the mushroom shed is generally 900 rain 1,100 square meters, but the ventilation and ventilation of such a large mushroom shed in winter is not ideal, and carbon dioxide deposition is serious. Indonesia's Green Giant Company designed a mushroom shed of 250 square meters each in 1980 and 600 square meters in 1988. Therefore, the author thinks that the design of the mushroom shed for planting mushrooms in autumn should be 650Mel 850 square meters.

4Dead mushroom phenomenon when mushrooms are cultivated in autumn, due to the influence of high temperature, some small mushroom buds often atrophy, turn yellow and finally die, and when serious, the small mushroom buds on the bed die in batches. However, it must be noted that the cause of this phenomenon is not simply caused by high temperature, but that many adverse factors will cause the death of mushroom buds. There are several common causes of mushroom death. ① continuous high temperature dead mushroom: the mushroom room lasted at a high temperature of more than 25 ℃, and the nutrition of small mushroom buds returned to the mycelium, resulting in lack of nutrition and water; improper water of ② pipe caused dead mushroom: mainly caused by spraying too much water and too little water at high temperature; too dense ③ mushroom production, too high position dead mushroom: mainly caused by thin soil layer and untimely spraying of mushroom water. ④ pH is not suitable for dead mushroom: too low and high pH value of soil cover and water application affect the enzyme activity, cell membrane permeability and metal ion absorption capacity of mycelium; ⑤ poor ventilation: poor ventilation, lack of oxygen, harmful gas deposition, affect normal metabolic activities. In view of the above reasons, in order to prevent dead mushrooms in autumn, we must not only avoid the effects of continuous high temperature, but also prevent the pH of covering soil materials and water from being too high or too low, pay attention to ventilation and scientific water management, so that "mushroom water should be ruthless, mushroom water should be stable, tide water should be heavy, and maintain water should be regular", and the pipe water principle of "spraying more often in sunny days, less spraying in cloudy days, more frequent spraying of mushrooms, less careful spraying of mushrooms" should be avoided.

(5) Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests of autumn cultivated mushrooms are rampant, and there are many kinds of diseases, such as gypsum mold with competitive mixed bacteria, infectious diseases, verrucosporium, brown spot, soft rot and so on. The comprehensive prevention and control measures of "giving priority to prevention and supplemented by medication" should be taken.

5.1 mushroom room disinfection mushroom room is built in a place without pollution source, do a good job in the surrounding cleanliness, and do a good job of mushroom room disinfection treatment, culture materials should be secondary fermentation.

5.2 there are two kinds of soil disinfection: exposure treatment and chemical treatment. The treatment of sun exposure is to take back the spare soil and put it on the valley flat or other clean place for 5 days. Medicament treatment, is to use medicament disinfect cover soil, general 110m2 cover soil spray verruca spore net or Shi Baogong and other medicament 1000 times liquid 100kg, cover film pile up for more than 24 hours, then open after dispersing air, you can go to bed to cover.

5.3 Scientific management of water used in mushroom houses should pay attention to the sanitation of water sources, do not use polluted field water and ditch water, strengthen ventilation, maintain appropriate temperature and humidity, and avoid diseases and insect pests caused by high temperature and humidity. It is necessary to remove waste, mushroom roots and diseased fruiting bodies in time to prevent the invasion and spread of diseases and insect pests.

Chemical control of ① white gypsum mold: sprinkle lime powder on the contaminated culture material to kill the colony and neutralize the bacteria to propagate and produce acid. ② verrucosporium: the mushroom bed was sprayed with 50kg solution at 110m2 with 0.1% verrucosporin. ③ brown spot: 0.1% carbendazim, Shibaogong, etc., are sprayed around the diseased fruit body to control the disease center, or streptomycin or oxytetracycline of 200-400ml/kg are sprayed every other day. ④ soft rot: control with 0.1% carbendazim or verrucosporin. ⑤ Mushroom Mushroom mosquito: spray the mushroom bed and its surrounding environment with 5% Ruijingte 1500 times liquid. It can also be used when spraying heavy water to achieve the purpose of killing insects.