Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of animal snake venom poisoning

1. diagnosis

According to the history of venomous snake bite, combined with the wound has 2 needle-sized poison tooth marks, local edema, oozing blood, necrosis and systemic symptoms, can be diagnosed. If the wound has 2 or 4 rows of uniform and fine serrated shallow small tooth marks, there is no local and systemic symptoms, mostly for non-poisonous snake bite. When necessary, the specific snake venom antigen in wound exudate, serum, cerebrospinal fluid and other body fluids can be determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay with appropriate monovalent specific antivenom. It should be distinguished from poisonous spider and other insect bites.

2. treatment

First aid measures should be taken after venomous snake bite. The principle of treatment is to prevent the spread of snake venom, implement detoxification and detoxification as soon as possible, and cooperate with symptomatic treatment.

(1) Local treatment

It mainly includes ligating the upper part of the swollen wound with bandages, debridement and local closure.

1 bandage ligation: after being bitten by poisonous snake, keep the animal quiet as much as possible, immediately use soft rope or gauze belt, tourniquet, or take suitable plant stem, straw, wild vine, etc. nearby, and ligate about 2~10 cm above the wound. The tightness of ligation should be able to block lymphatic and venous blood return, but not to interfere with arterial blood supply. After ligature every certain time should loosen, lest cause tissue necrotic. After detoxification and taking effective snake medicine for 3 to 4 hours, the ligation can be lifted.

② Clean the wound: After effectively ligating the upper part of the wound, immediately cut the wound along the two poison tooth marks, compress the surrounding tissues, force the venom to flow out, and thoroughly clean and detoxify. 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, 0.2% potassium permanganate solution or 2% sodium chloride solution are commonly used to rinse the wound to remove snake venom and dirt remaining in the wound. Those bitten by viper and viper generally do not expand their wounds and detoxify to prevent bleeding.

③ Local sealing: Deep circular sealing can be carried out around the swelling or on the upper part of the wound with 0.25%~0.5% procaine hydrochloride solution plus penicillin or dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, etc., which has a good effect on inhibiting the spread of snake venom, alleviating pain and preventing infection. Local cold compress can also be performed.

(2) Specific detoxification

Antivenom serum is a specific antidote for neutralizing snake venom. If conditions permit, it should be used as soon as possible. Intravenous injection is best within 20~30 minutes. Can also choose Chinese medicine treatment, Chinese medicine in the rescue snake bite has rich experience and practical effect. Commonly used Chinese patent medicines include Jidesheng Snake Medicine, Shanghai Snake Medicine, Nantong Snake Medicine, Guangzhou Snake Injury Jiedu Tablet, Xinhui Snake Medicinal Liquor, Qunsheng Snake Medicine, etc. The snake medicinal water will be adjusted into paste, applied to the wound around, especially swelling peripheral 2~3 cm, but do not apply medicine inside the wound, or according to the instructions of various proprietary Chinese medicines.

Shanghai snake medicine has good effect on bite poisoning of Agkistrodon halys and green bamboo snake. It can also treat bite poisoning of cobra, bungarus multicinctus, viper and turtle shell flower snake. Nantong snake medicine is effective against all kinds of snake poisoning. Group snake medicine is mainly used to treat snake bites. Guangzhou snake wound detoxification tablets indication cobra, Bungarus aureus, Bungarus multicinctus, Agkistrodon halys, turtle shell flower snake, green bamboo snake bite.

With special effect herb dahurian (podophyllum root) root mashed add appropriate amount of vinegar and white spirit to apply, change twice a day, can detumescence drive poison, 2~4 days can heal. Also available dahurian angelica root, 100 grams of herb cream each, realgar 30 grams, ground into fine powder, add human milk or milk into paste, apply to the wound around, replace 2 to 3 times a day, have good results.

(3) symptomatic treatment

The main measures taken were fluid replacement, cardiotonic, prevention of shock and acute renal failure. For snake venom poisoning with obvious neurological symptoms, central system inhibitors such as barbiturate and morphine and striated muscle inhibitors such as curare should not be used; adrenaline and sodium citrate should not be used for blood circulation toxin poisoning.

3. prevention

Vigorously propagandize and popularize the knowledge of prevention and control of snake bite, master the activity law and characteristics of poisonous snake, clean up weeds and stones around the breeding ground in time, so that snakes have no hiding place. Animals avoid grazing at times when venomous snakes are active.