Efficient Cultivation Method of Potato with Three Film Mulching

In the early spring in southern Shandong, potato was cultivated with three films covered with small arch shed and plastic film on the cultivation ridge. the harvest time was about late April, 40 days earlier than that of open field potato on the market, and the price was up to 4 yuan per kilogram. Generally, 667 square meters produce 2000,2500kg of potato, with an income of 8000,10000 yuan. The main cultivation techniques are introduced as follows:

I. selection of improved varieties

Potato varieties with short dormancy period, early fruiting period and rot resistance, such as Luyin 1, Jinshu 8 and Zaodabai, should be selected with three-film mulching.

II. Soil preparation and fertilization

Potato production is easy to get scab in slightly acidic and neutral soils with a pH value of about 6, fertile, good ventilation and alkaline soil. Potato roots are mainly distributed in 33 cm soil layer, so deep ploughing should be carried out properly. Combined with the application of organic fertilizer, the middle arch shed was built after deep ploughing and leveling. Because of the large nutrient requirement and short growth period of potato, base fertilizer should be re-applied. In order to cultivate potato with "three-film mulching", all the necessary fertilizers are applied in cultivated land and sowing, and there is no topdressing during the growth period. More than 3000 kg of high-quality and mature farm manure should be applied every 667m2, and the amount of cake fertilizer should be increased appropriately if the farm manure is insufficient. Generally 667 square meters can be applied cake fertilizer 50 kg or so. High-quality manure, cake fertilizer and chemical fertilizer with small quantity and good maturity can be applied between the two potato species in the ditch when sowing. Every 667 square meters of chemical fertilizer can be applied 10 kg urea, 30 kg potassium sulfate or 150 kg plant ash, 10 kg diammonium phosphate. In order to control underground pests, 5% phoxim granules 2 kg can be mixed in farm manure and cake fertilizer every 667 square meters, and 5% phoxim granules 0.75 kg mixed with fine soil can be sprinkled in the sowing ditch.

Third, deal with seed potato

1. Warm seeds and dry seeds. It is best to warm the seeds and dry the seeds before sprouting. Keep the whole seed potato in a sunny border or greenhouse or in a winter greenhouse for about 20 ℃ or in a single layer for 5-6 days.

2. Cut the seed potato into pieces. It is best to do it 1-2 days before budding, so that the wound can fully heal. When slicing, cut the seed potato longitudinally along the top into several pieces, with 1-2 bud holes, and dry for 4-8 hours after cutting. The size of the cut should be about 25 grams. If you cut a diseased seed potato, immediately disinfect the knife with alcohol or high alcohol, or soak the knife in 3% stone carbonated water for 5 minutes for 10 minutes. Avoid oily substances in the seed block.

For example, a healthy and disease-free small whole potato of about 50 grams is selected as the seed, because the whole potato has strong vitality, top advantage, concentration of nutrients, and reduces the chance of wound transmission of diseases, so it has a more obvious yield-increasing effect.

3. Disinfection of seed potatoes. There are two commonly used methods: one is to soak the seeds in warm water, first soaking the seed potatoes in 40-50 ℃ warm water for 1 minute, and then soaking them in 60 ℃ water for 5 minutes; the other is to soak the seeds with 40% formaldehyde 200 times solution for 5 minutes, and then cover them with plastic sheeting for 2 hours. The disinfection treatment of seed potato has a good preventive effect on scab, powder scab, early blight, late blight, ring rot and so on.

4. Soak the seeds with gibberellin (920). In order to break dormancy and promote germination, gibberellin was used to soak seeds because of the early sowing of potato with three-film mulch. The sliced potato seeds can be soaked in gibberellin solution of 1 × 10 ~ (- 6) for 8 minutes and the whole potato with gibberellin of 5 × 10 ~ (- 6) for 1 hour for 2 hours. When preparing gibberellin solution, gibberellin should be decomposed with a small amount of alcohol or high alcohol, and then water should be added to form the required concentration. Do not use gibberellin to promote germination, do not increase the concentration at will, otherwise the germination is thin and thin, which is disadvantageous to growth.

Fourth, soaking seeds to accelerate germination

Germination can be accelerated after soaking the seeds with gibberellin solution. Budding can be carried out about 25 days before sowing. Budding can be carried out with hotbeds, cellars or gable roots in a winter greenhouse. When sprouting, a layer of wet sand and a layer of seed potatoes are stacked with a total of 4-5 layers, and the top layer is covered with wet sand and covered with a "snake skin" bag, which can not only moisturize, but also block the water droplets in the greenhouse. The budding bed was kept at 15-20 ℃. The buds can be sown when they are 1 cm long and 2 cm long. 5-7 days before sowing, the germinated seeds can be dried under astigmatism (keep a low temperature of 10-15 ℃) to make the buds green and stout.

V. Construction of a middle shed

The middle arch shed can generally be built according to the standard of 1.8 meters high and 6 meters wide, which should be built before sowing after ploughing, and the length is generally 60-80 meters.

6. Sowing seeds at the right time

The sowing time is 5-7 days before "the Beginning of Spring". The location of the small arch shed is planned before sowing, and two small arch sheds with a width of 2.3 meters are set in the middle arch shed with a width of 6 meters. There is a 40 cm walkway between the two small arch sheds and 50 cm low temperate zones on both sides, which can be placed in the daytime. After the small arch shed is planned, the seeds can be sown. Sowing seeds should be planted in one row and two rows. The side line should first let out 50 centimeters outside the small arch shed and 35 centimeters and 40 centimeters inside the small arch shed. Therefore, the side row should be 85-90 cm from the edge of the middle arch shed, and then open a small ditch to pour "racing water" according to the row spacing of 45-47 cm and 63-65 cm, and then sow seeds in the ditch with a plant spacing of about 25 cm. High-quality organic fertilizer (such as cake fertilizer) and chemical fertilizer can be applied between the two potato seeds. Then take the soil from the big line to cover the seed, and those who walk on the side have to take the soil from the outside of the side line. The thickness of the soil cover is about 10 cm. After covering the soil, the ridge height is about 20 cm, the ridge width is 80 cm 85 cm, and the ditch width is 25 cm 30 cm. A small trench with a width of 10 cm and a depth of 10 cm is left in the middle of the ridge, and the plastic film is covered with 100 cm 110 cm after slight suppression. Four large ridges can be set up in the 6-meter-wide middle arch shed and 8 rows of potatoes can be planted. The amount of seed used per 667 square meters is generally between 100kg and 150kg. If you choose about 50 grams of whole potatoes, the seed consumption is 200,250 kilograms per 667 square meters.

Buckle the small arch shed

After sowing, the planned position of the small arch shed should be covered with a small arch shed with a width of 2.3 meters and a height of 1.2 to 1.4 meters. Each small arch shed is just covered with two large ridges and four rows of potatoes.

VIII. Post-broadcast management

1. Management at emergence stage. The average daily temperature of 10 cm soil layer is 10: 15 ℃ in seedling stage, and the seedlings can emerge in about 20 days after budding. In this period, because the air temperature is relatively low, it should be mainly to keep warm and increase the ground temperature. During the day, the film of the small arch shed should be opened to facilitate ventilation and increase the ground temperature. The small arch shed should be covered with grass to keep warm before 5 o'clock in the afternoon. When the potato sprouts emerge from the top soil, put the seedlings on the film with the word "ten" in time.

2. Management at seedling stage. It usually takes about half a month from emergence to the formation of a leafy order (clump). At this stage, the stolons were all formed, and the apex began to expand. Due to the low air temperature, it is mainly to preserve soil moisture and heat preservation to improve the ground temperature, generally without watering, and the appropriate field capacity is 50% to 60%. If it is really dry, you can pour "horse racing water" in the ditch, if it is too wet, it is not conducive to improve the ground temperature. Open the small arch shed film during the day and keep the air temperature at 20: 25 ℃. When the temperature exceeds 25 ℃, we should pay attention to the ventilation and cooling of the middle greenhouse film. Cover the small arch shed in time before sunset in the afternoon, so that the temperature at night is not lower than 8 ℃.

3. The management of the hair stage. It takes 20 to 30 days from Tuanzhu to budding. During this period, attention should be paid to ventilation and cooling, no more than 25 ℃ during the day and heat preservation at night, and attention should be paid to controlling fertilizer and water in the later stage of growing, so as to facilitate the transformation from growing to tuber, and to control the vigorous growth of seedlings.

4. Management of tuber-bearing period. ① water management. The growth of tuber stage is mainly cell expansion, which requires adequate and uniform soil water supply, and soil moisture reaches 80%-85% of field capacity. The flowering stage is particularly sensitive to water, during this period, the yield is reduced by about 50%; after budding, the flower buds are removed in time to reduce nutrient consumption, and a large amount of water is irrigated once, and the insufficient application of base fertilizer can be combined with watering and applying a small amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer; in the later stage of tuber fruiting, less watering and stop watering should be done, if the soil moisture is too high, the tuber epidermis is easy to crack, breathing is blocked, scab disease is easy to occur, and storage is not tolerant, affecting yield and quality. ② temperature management. Special attention should be paid to ventilation and temperature regulation during the whole period of tuber production. With the increase of air temperature, the ventilation time should be increased in sunny days, which should be controlled below 23 ℃ in the daytime, 15 ℃ in the first half of the night and 12 ℃ in the second half of the night. If the soil moisture is too large, the plastic film can be lifted to facilitate ventilation and dampness.

IX. Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests

1. The common diseases of potato are early blight, late blight, scab, powdery scab and ring rot. ① early blight mainly harms leaves, and the disease spots are dark brown, round, nearly round, polygonal or irregular, with concentric wheels on them. ② late blight mainly affected leaves, mostly from the leaf tip or leaf edge to produce yellowish-brown water-stained spots, surrounded by yellowish-green halo, when the humidity was high, the disease spot expanded rapidly, the edge formed a circle of white mold, no white mold when dry, but not easy to break. The surface of ③ scab potato patch first produced brown spots, then expanded to form brown round or irregular patches, the surface was rough, and in the later stage, the central depression or protuberance showed scab-like hard patches. The disease spot is limited to the skin and does not go deep into the potato. ④ powdery scab mainly harms potato tubers and roots. At the beginning of the disease, the potato pieces showed small brown spots with needle size on the epidermis, and later formed "blister spots" with a diameter of 3-5 mm. After the "blister spot" ruptures, it sinks in the shape of a crater, and the subcutaneous tissue emits a large amount of dark brown powder. The root is infected, and solitary or aggregated nodules the size of beans grow on one side of the root. The aboveground parts of ⑤ ring rot were susceptible to blight and wilt. When the potato pieces were cut, the vascular bundles became milky yellow and dark brown, and the cortex showed circular or arc necrosis, so it was called ring rot. Even if the diseased seed potato can germinate and emerge, it will form diseased plants, the vascular bundles of the rhizome turn brown, and sometimes the diseased vines overflow white bacterial pus.

Control methods: the selection of disease-free seed potato and the disinfection of seed potato mentioned above is the most effective prevention method. At the same time, more organic fertilizer, formula fertilization, especially potassium fertilizer can enhance its disease resistance. During the growth period, the diseased plants were cleared in time at the initial stage of the disease, and sprayed with 1L Bordeaux solution or 64% poison alum wettable powder 500 times, it can treat both early blight and late blight. 40% gram carbendazim wettable powder can be used to treat early blight alone, and 69% Anke manganese zinc wettable powder 1000 times can be used to treat late blight. For scab, powdery scab and ring rot, except for disinfection of disease-free seed potato and seed potato, there is no good chemical control during the growth period. To prevent and control ring rot, when cutting and sowing, the knife is disinfected with 75% alcohol, and when sowing, soak the seed potato with 500 times of 50% methyl topiramate wettable powder or 800 times of 70% methyl topiramate.

2. The main pests of potato are ladybugs, aphids and so on. The control of ladybugs can be alternately used with 1000 times of 80% dichlorvos, 3000 times of Kung Fu, or 3000 times of 20% chlorhexidine, once every 7 days and 2 times for 3 times. Control aphids every 667 square meters can be used 20 grams 5% aphid sweep 50 kg of water, uniform spray, aphid concentrated areas should be re-sprayed.

When the potato is harvested in time, the stem and leaves are yellowish, the basal leaves are withered and shedding, the stolons are dried and shrunk, and the Lignification of the tuber epidermis is no longer inflated. Harvesting should be carried out in sunny days and dry soil to avoid potato damage.