Mechanized production technology of potato in the whole process

Shawan County has an annual potato planting area of 2250 hectares, which has become a new bright spot for farmers and herdsmen in cool and cold areas. Because the traditional artificial planting and harvesting methods are backward, consuming a lot of labor and low efficiency, it is difficult to form large-scale operation. Through practice, advanced potato seeder and harvester are introduced, and the mechanization technology of potato production is summarized. At present, this technology has been popularized in an all-round way.

I. pre-broadcast preparation

1. Soil condition

Select loam or sandy loam with deep soil layer, high organic matter content, loose and fragile, good permeability and medium fertility.

two。 Base fertilizer and deep ploughing

Potato is a high-yielding and fertilizer-loving crop, which is extremely sensitive to fertilizer. For each ton of potato tuber, it is necessary to absorb 5.5kg of nitrogen, 2.2kg of phosphorus and 10.2kg of potassium from the soil, with an absorption ratio of 1 ∶ 0.4 ∶ 2. Potassium is the most important element of fertilizer. Fertilization should be based on farm manure, supplemented by chemical fertilizer, and 3 tons of base fertilizer should be applied every 667 square meters. Fertilizer should be deeply turned into the soil and irrigated in autumn and winter, so as to enhance the soil water storage and soil moisture conservation capacity and create a good soil environment for potato tuber expansion and root growth.

3. Soil preparation standard

The soil is prepared with a combined leveling machine or 41 disc rakes, with a depth of 10 cm to 15 cm, a flat surface, a loose and solid surface, a leaky rake area less than 1%, a rake depth variation coefficient of ≤ 15%, and a crushing rate of more than 80%, reaching the six-character standard of "flat, neat, loose, broken, clean and moisture".

Mechanical sowing

Potato mechanical sowing can complete many operations such as ditching, sowing, fertilization, ridging, soil covering, suppression and so on. This technique has the advantages of uniform planting, uniform row spacing, tight suppression, uniform seedling emergence and so on. Using 2CM2 potato fertilizing and seeding machine, the depth is 1015cm, the soil cover is 15cm, the distance between ridges is 70cm, the distance between plants is 25cm, the seedling is protected about 57000 plants / ha, and the sowing rate is about 2250 kg / ha. When sowing, 450,600kg of Sakefu or 750kg of special fertilizer for potato is applied to the lower side of the seed bud.

III. Field management

1. Middle ploughing

Generally work twice, the first time at about 50% of emergence, in order to promote the growth and development of seedlings, the second time when the seedling height is 15cm to 20cm, and each time the soil is 5 cm thick.

two。 Topdressing

Urea 100kg / ha was applied in the first intertillage, and the angle, depth and width of the plough shovel and ploughshare were adjusted so as not to hurt the seedlings.

IV. Mechanical harvesting

1. About 10 days before harvest, first roll or cut seedlings to make the potato skin aging, so as to reduce the loss during harvest. Before mechanical harvest, the plow should be adjusted to shovel into the soil, the shallow soil is easy to hurt the potato pieces, and the harvest is not clean, the deep soil is a waste of labor, and it is easy to lose potatoes.

two。 Using 4UX500 side-conveying potato excavator, supporting power 1830hp, operating efficiency 0.3ha, digging rate ≥ 98%, clear potato rate ≥ 97%, injured potato rate ≤ 3%.

3. Commonly used harvester and tractor matching single-row or double-row potato harvester, the working speed is 3000km / h, the digging depth is 20cm, the excavated potato pieces are not buried in the soil, so that they can be picked up manually.

V. benefit analysis

1. With the implementation of potato mechanization, the income of farmers and herdsmen has increased significantly. The original manual sowing cost is 900 yuan per hectare, but now the mechanical sowing cost is 300 yuan per hectare, with an increase of 600 yuan per hectare. The original manual harvest cost was 800 yuan per hectare, but now the machine income is 375 yuan per hectare. Increase income 425 yuan / ha The original yield was 30 tons per hectare, but now it has increased by 4.50 tons per hectare. According to 0.5 yuan per kilogram, the income has increased by 2250 yuan per hectare and 2250 hectares has been planted, with a total income increase of 7.366 million yuan.

two。 Make rational use of land in mountain areas, create the maximum value, increase the land output rate, and form a new channel to increase the income of farmers and herdsmen.

3. Promote the use of efficient, residue-free, pollution-free and pollution-free pesticides to form green industries and brand benefits.