Technology of No-tillage and sowing mulching of Potato

Save 150 yuan per mu of labor cost and improve production efficiency by 37.6%

No-tillage and no-tillage mulching cultivation of potato is worth popularizing.

The whole-process mulching cultivation of no-tillage and sowing rice straw is a new potato planting technology, which means that the no-tillage land is ditched and divided according to a certain specification, the basic fertilizer strip is applied on the side of the box, and the seed potato is placed at a certain density in the fertilizer-free area between the two rows of fertilizer. and then cover the straw all the way. Because this method is easy to operate, labor-saving and labor-saving, it can also pick potatoes in batches, see the price on the market, and improve planting efficiency, which has aroused great interest from the majority of farmers and agricultural science and technology workers. At the beginning of last year, this technology was introduced into Ningxiang County, Hunan Province. the investigation showed that using this technology to plant 1 mu of potatoes, the production cost was 7.5 and the labor cost was 150 yuan, which was 46.4% and 38.9% lower than that of the traditional method (ploughing and sowing). Soil available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increased by 18.4 mg / kg, 4.9 mg / kg and 11.8 mg / kg, respectively. The organic matter increased by 14.2%, and the production efficiency per mu increased by 37.6%. Therefore, the popularization area of the practical technology is expanding year by year. However, at present, in the practical application of this technology in a large area, there are still some difficulties or constraints, such as shortage of grass sources, delayed emergence and irregular emergence and so on.

I. Analysis of restrictive factors

1. Insufficient straw resources: using no-tillage and sowing straw mulching technology, according to the standard straw cover thickness of 8-10 cm, planting 1 mu of potato generally requires 3 mu of rice straw, small and sporadic planting will not encounter any difficulties, and large area planting becomes a problem, and if the straw is not near the potato field, it is not easy to concentrate the straw. With the expansion of mechanized harvesting area, straw resources are becoming more and more scarce.

2. Slow and irregular seedling emergence: from 2002 to 2003, comparative experiments on no-tillage rice straw mulching and traditional methods were conducted in Ningxiang County Agricultural Technology Center Base and Tangsi Village, Tanba Town, respectively. Dongnong 303 and Atlantic two varieties were used. Dongnong 303 sowed on January 3 and emerged on February 25. Compared with the traditional method, the emergence date was delayed by 7 days, and the peak of seedling emergence was postponed by 10 days on March 6. On March 15, the last stage of seedling emergence was postponed by 15 days, and the emergence period was extended by 8 days. The emergence of seedlings in the Atlantic Ocean was similar to that of Dongnong 303. On February 21, the emergence period was 6 days later than that of the traditional method, the peak of seedling emergence was 9 days later, and the seedling emergence period was 19 days, 8 days longer. The large-scale demonstration also showed basically the same characteristics, and the reasons for this phenomenon were as follows: first, the soil moisture on the side of the box was not enough after sowing, coupled with the drying of straw, it was difficult for seed potatoes to absorb water, and seedling emergence was delayed. Second, the straw cover is too thick or pressed too tightly, which hinders the upward growth of seedlings and makes some potato seedlings grow horizontally into "albino seedlings" in the straw layer. In addition, the straw cover is too thin, the effect of frost and sun protection is small, and the effect is poor, which also affects the emergence of seedlings.

3. High green potato rate: in 2003, 118 farmers in no-tillage demonstration bases such as Meitanba Town were investigated. Among them, 25 households had a serious green potato phenomenon, and the green potato rate reached 7%, 12.5%, with an average of 8.6%. In the comparative experiment conducted in 2003 and 2004, the green potato rate of no-tillage straw mulching technique was 4.84% and 3.26% respectively, which was 4.1% and 2.6% higher than that of the traditional method. The first reason is that the straw cover is too thin. Second, the contact at the joint of covering straw is not close. Third, the strong wind blows away or covers the straw. Fourth, chickens, ducks, dogs and other animals do harm. The fifth is the rot of straw covered in the later stage. All these reasons can cause light leakage due to lax straw mulching, resulting in the formation of green potato by light.

II. Corresponding countermeasures

1. Avoid mulch resources: in production practice, farmers used blighted grain, husk, sawdust, leaves and weeds as potato mulch, and achieved good results. In order to screen out good mulch and look for new mulch, the experiment was carried out in Jinnan Village, Liepu Town in the spring of 2004. there were four treatments: traditional method (CK), straw mulching, chaff mulching and weed mulching. Sow seeds on January 5th. The emergence period is as follows: straw cover February 20, grain hull cover February 17, weed cover February 21. It was 8 days, 5 days and 9 days later than CK respectively. The emergence period of straw mulch, husk mulch and weed mulch was 16 days, 11 days and 18 days respectively, which was 7 days, 2 days and 9 days longer than that of CK. The yield of husk mulch was the highest, 1.67t / mu, 29.8% higher than CK, and straw mulch ranked second, 1.41t / mu, 8.9% higher than CK. Comprehensive analysis showed that grain husk was the best mulch, followed by rice straw and weeds.

2. To improve the quality of mulch: first of all, it is necessary to ensure the thickness of mulch. In general, it is appropriate to put down the mulch without pressing and loosening 8-10 cm. In 2004, experiments on straw mulch, husk mulch and weed mulch were carried out. The results showed that the green potato rates of husk cover and straw cover thickness were 30.2% and 8.3% respectively, and those of straw cover thickness were 27.8%, 12.7% and 6.4%, respectively. The green potato rate of weed cover thickness was 33.2%, 15.8% and 8.5%, respectively. This shows that properly increasing the thickness of mulch can effectively reduce the rate of green potato. Of course, the thicker the better, otherwise it will affect the emergence of seedlings. Secondly, we should pay attention to the covering method, covering with straw or weeds, the tip of the grass facing the box, the base of the grass against the edge of the box, first cover both sides of the box, and the middle of the back cover. First thick paving, then plump.

3. Strengthen the field management: after sowing, the field management mainly focuses on the five tasks of "controlling water, introducing seedlings, topdressing, spraying and mending leakage". "water control" refers to the control of moisture on the side of the box after sowing and the requirement to keep it moist to prevent too much or too little water. If the side of the box is dry and it is estimated that there will be no rain in recent days, fill the ditch with water to the side of the box after sowing, and then let it dry naturally to moist the soil and promote seedling emergence. If the side of the box is too wet during sowing or continuous rain for a long time after sowing, it is necessary to clear the trench and drain to prevent rotten potatoes. "introduction of seedlings" points out that if there is no mulch on the seedlings at the seedling stage, the mulch should be gently removed at the seed potato to draw out the seedlings, and then the mulch should be restored. Accelerate the speed of seedling emergence, advance the time of seedling emergence, and prolong the vegetative growth period. "topdressing" refers to topdressing strong seedlings once after finishing the seedlings, generally applying 5-8 kg urea with 500 kg water per hectare to promote the early growth and rapid growth of plants and enhance the covering and shading effect of the box surface. "spraying" refers to the use of carbendazim and other chemicals in the middle and later stages of growth to control diseases such as late blight, prevent defoliation and wither seedlings, and affect yield and quality. "leakage repair" refers to frequent field inspection, covering in the abnormal leakage of light, timely restoration or addition of mulch to prevent the production of green potatoes.

4. Improve sowing and mulching techniques: increase sowing density appropriately. Generally speaking, sowing density can be increased by about 10% compared with traditional methods. For example, Dongnong 303 traditional sowing method can sow 4000 holes per mu, then no-tillage straw mulching technology can be used to sow about 4400 holes per mu. On the one hand, it can increase the coverage and coverage of the room, on the other hand, it can increase the yield of early potatoes, help seize business opportunities, improve potato selection, and go on the market as soon as possible. Increase efficiency.