Introduction to Seedling Technology of Fructus Schizandra

Schisandra chinensis is a kind of plant with strong cold resistance. the bud sprouts earlier than ordinary trees (mid-April), is almost free from late frost, and can withstand the cold climate of early spring and grow normally. The leaves were unfolded in early May, and flowered from late May to early June. The flowering period was 10 Mel 14 days, and the single flower 6 Mel finished in 7 days. The critical humidity of flowering was 0 Mel 1 ℃. Insects are rarely seen on flowers during flowering, so Schisandra chinensis is considered to be a wind-pollinated plant. The fruit matured from the end of August to the end of September.

Under wild conditions, Schisandra chinensis is propagated mainly by nutrition. The underground transverse stem of the mother plant (distributed in the humus layer of 10-40cm) extends around, and the roots are tangled. The new transverse stem forms adventitious buds in the first year and grows new plants in the second year. At the same time, it produces new horizontal stems and elongates in all directions. Every year, the new plants occur from the rhizome, there is no main root, only a small amount of fibrous roots, so it is not tolerant to drought. The source of nutrition can be obtained not only from the soil, but also from the mother plant. It is observed that there are many male flowers in the plants that are old or growing on barren soil, and there are many female flowers in the young or middle-aged trees. The plant life of Schisandra chinensis can be up to 20 years.

1. Seedling raising technique

There are generally several methods to propagate Schisandra chinensis seedlings, such as sowing, cutting and striping. Because there are few excellent varieties at present, the seedlings used in production are still mainly seedlings. To cultivate Schisandra chinensis seedlings, we can choose the appropriate method according to the specific situation.

2.1 seed reproduction

2.1.1 seed collection, stratification treatment and budding

Seed selection can be carried out in the cultivation garden or in the field after late July. The seed selection standard is to determine the fruit trees with ear length above 8cm, average grain weight above 0.5g and early berry coloring as seed collection trees. Harvest the fruit from the end of August to the middle of September, rub the peel and pulp, bleach the shrunken grains, and leave them in a cool place to dry. Soak the seeds in clean water for 2-3 days in mid-late December, change the water once a day, then mix the wet seeds with clean fine river sand at the rate of 1:3 and store them in water tanks or flowerpots at a temperature of 0-5 ℃. Sand humidity is generally 40-50% saturated, usually clenched by hand without dripping. It takes 80-90 days for the stratification treatment of Schisandra chinensis seeds. About half a month before sowing, the seeds are screened out from the stratified sand and soaked in cold water for 3-4 days. The method of accelerating germination of Schisandra chinensis seeds: according to the local sowing time, the seeds should be accelerated by 90 ℃ 100 days in advance. Usually at the end of January or early February, the seeds are soaked in 50 ℃ warm water, stirred continuously until the water cools below 30 T, soak for another 48 hours, fish out the seeds, soak and disinfect Cen hours with 0.5% potassium permanganate aqueous solution, and then rinse with clean water. Sieve particles evenly, rinse clean fine river sand with water and mix seeds 5 times. Put it in a woven bag and place it in 5 ℃ for 2 days, then move it into the room. Keep 10 ℃ 12 min at room temperature, turn frequently, keep humidity around 60%, that is, hold it into a ball, and loosen your hand. Note that the cement floor in the seed germination treatment room and the accumulated seeds should be disinfected in advance and kept clean, properly ventilated, and keep the room temperature constant. After 60 ℃ for 70 days, it was transferred to 0Mel 5 ℃ cellar, or the temperature was gradually reduced to 0 Mel 5 ℃ in the same environment. After about 20 days, the seed embryos matured and some seeds were cracked. It is reported that the germination rate of seeds treated by this method is more than 70%. Both autumn sowing and stratification treatment of seeds can accelerate germination, and its principle is the same as that of low temperature germination treatment. Soaked seeds can be sown when the seed coat is cracked or the radicle is exposed.

2.1.2 nursery site selection and pre-sowing preparation

In order to cultivate excellent Schisandra chinensis seedlings, the nursery had better choose sandy soil with flat terrain, convenient water source, good drainage, loose and fertile sandy soil. The nursery land should be ploughed and raked at a depth of 25-30cm before the soil freezes in the previous year. Combined with the application of base fertilizer in autumn, the rotten farm manure 5m2 per mu (667m2) was applied.

2.1.3 Live broadcast in the open air

Direct sowing in the open field can be carried out in spring (early May) and autumn (before soil freezing). Before sowing, make a low border with a width of 1.2m and a length of 10m. The strip sowing method was adopted, that is, the row spacing of 15-20cm was used to open a shallow trench with a depth of 2-3cm, and the seeds were sown 100-120g per row. Covered with 2cm fine soil. Use wood to suppress, water thoroughly, cover the bed with a straw curtain to maintain soil moisture until the seedlings are unearthed. In order to prevent blight and other soil infectious diseases, after sowing and covering the soil, combined with watering, spraying 80-1000 times 50% Dysenamine water agent.

When the emergence rate reaches 50%-70%, remove the mulch and immediately set up a simple shading shed, and remove it when the seedling reaches 5-6cm. It is necessary to weed and loosen the soil at the seedling stage, and when the seedlings grow 3-4 true leaves, the plant spacing should be kept at 7-10cm. Topdressing twice at the seedling stage, the first time in the removal of the shade shed

When the seedlings were ditched between rows, 200-250g ammonium nitrate and 50-60g potassium sulfate were applied in each seedling bed, and the second time was carried out when the seedling height was about 10cm, 300-400g diammonium phosphate and 60-80g potassium sulfate were applied in each seedling bed. After fertilization, the watering times should be increased appropriately to facilitate the growth of seedlings.

2.1.4 Nutrition Seedling raising in protected Field

Direct seeding seedlings in open field in places with short frost-free period usually takes two years to come out of the nursery. If we adopt the method of sowing nutrition bowl seedlings in advance in protected areas and then transplanting them in the open field nursery, the purpose of raising seedlings in the same year can be achieved.

Sowing and post-sowing management in early April, buckle the plastic greenhouse to make paper bag nutrition bowls with specifications of 6 × 6 × 10cm or 7 × 7 × 10cm; the ratio of fine river sand to humus soil is 1:3, and 5% of mature farm manure and 0.3% diammonium phosphate (ground powder) are added. Water the low bowl nutritious soil thoroughly before sowing, mix the subsoil and covering soil with Dianmiaoling during sowing, and spray 8-1000 times of demori ammonium after sowing. Sow 2 seeds in each paper bowl and cover soil with 1-1.5cm.

Proper humidity should be maintained after sowing, usually watering once every 2-3 days, shading for about 20 days after the seedlings come out, and ventilation and cooling when the temperature is above 30 ℃.

Seedling transplanting and nursery management in mid-late June, seedlings with soil moved into the nursery. Before planting seedlings, the nursery should be fully prepared (rake, ridging, etc.). When planting seedlings, use flat picks to break the ridges and open 15cm ditches, apply mouth fertilizer (400-500Kg per mu), put paper bowl seedlings in the ditches according to the plant spacing of 10-15cm, fill them with fine soil, water thoroughly, and finally seal the ridges.

After the seedlings are moved into the nursery, the soil is irrigated in time when the soil is dry, weeding and loosening the soil frequently. The first topdressing was carried out at the beginning of July. 30-40 g ammonium nitrate and 10-15 g potassium sulfate were applied on the ridge of each extended rice, and the second topdressing was carried out at the beginning of August, applying 50 g of three-material compound fertilizer or 40 g of diammonium phosphate and 10 g of potassium sulfate.

2.2 Cuttage propagation

Cutting propagation is one of the methods of asexual propagation, so cutting seedlings can keep the characteristics and characteristics of the original varieties relatively stably and have strong consistency. with the increase of excellent varieties and their provenances, this method will become the main method to cultivate seedlings for production.

2.2.1 Hardwood cuttings: from mid-May to early June, the annual branches of the mother tree were cut into 8-10cm cuttings, leaving a 3-5cm shoot at the top, and the base of the cuttings were soaked in 200PPM α-naphthalic acid or indolic acid for 24 hours or dipped in 2000PPM solution for 3 minutes. The upper layer of cutting substrate is fine river sand 5-7cm, and the lower layer is nutrient soil (field surface soil plus mature farm manure) 10cm. The cuttings are at an angle of 30o with the surface of the bed, the cutting density is 5 × 10cm, the seedling bed is fastened to cover the shade, and the leaves are kept moist before the cuttings take root.

2.2.2 Green branch cutting: in the first and middle of June, the new shoots of half wood were collected, cut into 8-10cm cuttings and left a leaf, and dipped in 1000PPMABT1 rooting powder solution for 15 seconds or 300PPM α-naphthylacetic acid for 3 minutes. The cutting substrate and cutting management methods were the same as above.

2.2.3 Transverse stem cutting

In the cultivation garden, Schisandra chinensis trees more than 3 years old can produce a large number of transverse stems, which are distributed in the soil layer of 10-15cm below the surface. Before germination, combined with cleaning and sprouting, select the part with full buds, cut the cuttings about 15cm, dip the cuttings at the base of 5-7cm with 15-20PPm α-naphthylacetic acid and plant them in the prepared nursery. When planting seedlings, use a flat pick to break the deep ditch of the 15cm, put the cuttings into the ditch according to the distance between the plants, and cover it with fine moist soil to half the depth of the ditch. Don't be firm. Each plant is 3-4m long and watered in time, and the hands under the water are covered with rice straw or straw curtain to moisturize, and the bud sprouts out after 10-15 days. The method of seedling management is the same as that of seedling cultivation.

3. Cultivation of Schisandra chinensis seedlings

The seeds treated by accelerating germination should be sown in mid-late May, and the local late frost should prevail after emergence. Strip sowing, row spacing 12cm, horizontal trenching of seedling bed, ditch depth 3-4cm, slight suppression, sowing rate 25g/m2, 2-3cm thickness of soil after sowing, compaction, and a layer of grass cover on the bed were used to keep the soil moist to facilitate seedling emergence. According to the need, the sowing amount of S2-0 seedlings is smaller than that of S1-1 seedlings.

Schisandra likes the dark brown soil which is fertile, moist, loose, rich in humus and well drained. When sowing, sow fire with sand. After insertion, it is often watered to keep the bed moist, and seedlings can emerge one after another after 30ml for 40 days. After the seedlings were unearthed, the mulch was gradually removed and a shed was built for shade. Seedlings are afraid of sunburn, and proper daily shading at seedling stage is the key to seedling protection. The height of the shade is 60-70cm, covered with Reed curtains or with 50% Mel and 60% shading rate.

Shading is the same. Timely weeding and loosening soil at seedling stage and regular spraying of 1RU 1RU 100 Xin Bordeaux solution to prevent powdery mildew.

3.1 asexual seedling propagation

Among several methods of asexual reproduction of Schisandra chinensis, using underground stolon as material for asexual reproduction has better effect, low cost and simple technology. According to the local thawing situation, the suitable time to dig out the stems and seedlings is the end of April and the beginning of May. The length of each segment of the transverse stem is 20-30cm, and there are more adventitious roots on it, with a 1-2-year-old aboveground branch with a height of about 50cm. Planting depth 15-20cm, watering and moisturizing. In order to prevent the loss of water, it should be put in the plastic bag immediately after digging. When you can't finish planting in the field, you can plant it in the shade. Dig out the stem seedlings for transplanting, grow seedlings in two years, bear fruit in three years, and have high yield in five years, which is a good way to establish an ecological and high-yielding country for asexual reproduction.

It is difficult for Schisandra chinensis to take root by cutting cuttings on the ground. According to relevant materials, it is reported that the rooting rate of cuttings can reach more than 80% after soaking the lower end of cuttings with 150x10-6 concentration of ABTI rooting powder for 6 hours and cutting for 45 days. However, this kind of cutting seedlings should grow in a shaded plastic shed for one year and then transplant up the mountain, but the ability of drought resistance and freezing resistance is still weak. In addition, the strip pressing method can also be used locally.