Dung-free cultivation techniques of Agaricus bisporus

Agaricus bisporus is the main variety of edible mushroom cultivated in our region, and the cultivation technology of Agaricus bisporus has also been mastered by the broad masses of farmers, but the planting area of Agaricus bisporus in our area is not expanding rapidly. one of the reasons is that a large amount of cow dung is needed in the culture material for planting mushrooms. According to the old formula, the ratio of dung to grass is 6:4. It takes 800kg of dried cow dung to grow 100square meters of mushrooms. Many mushroom farmers cannot grow mushrooms on a large scale because they have no cow dung. In addition, cow dung needs to be dried, crushed and screened before it can be used. Cow dung needs a larger site and more labor. When it comes to cloudy and rainy days, there is no way to sun, so cow dung has become the biggest constraint to the development and cultivation of Agaricus bisporus. Some people have successfully found the raw material formula of mushroom cultivation without cow dung for a long time, and the mushroom dung-free cultivation technology has not been popularized on a large scale until recent years. Hengxian, a major mushroom planting county in our region, has popularized the mushroom dung-free cultivation technology on a large scale and achieved success in recent years. In this paper, dung-free cultivation refers to the cultivation technique without cow dung in the mushroom culture formula.

Agaricus bisporus is a saprophytic fungus. All the nutrients needed for its growth and development are obtained from culture materials. It likes rotten dung grass culture materials. According to research and practice, this kind of dung grass culture materials have a reasonable C / N ratio, and the weight ratio of manure to straw is 6:4 or 5:5, so the C / N ratio is just between 30, 1 and 35, which is very suitable for mushroom growth and high yield. Later, due to the lack of manure, the proportion of cow dung in the culture material became less and less, and there were more and more carbon sources and insufficient nitrogen sources in such culture materials. in practice, people found out that the high protein content of bran cake, chicken manure, pig manure, silkworm manure and other substances such as urea, ammonium sulfate and other chemical fertilizers to supplement nitrogen deficiency, but also achieved good results. Mushroom dung-free cultivation technology is to use peanut bran, rapeseed cake, bean cake and other substances with high nitrogen content to replace the nitrogen in cow dung, or to use peanut rattan, soybean stalk and other substances with high nitrogen content, and then supplement the insufficient part with chemical fertilizer urea, compound fertilizer and ammonium sulfate. if the ratio of carbon to nitrogen is reasonable, high yield results can also be achieved.

The formula of mushroom dung-free culture material: the straw in the following formula should be soaked in 0.5% lime water.

Formula 1: 100 kg of rice straw, 7 kg of cake fertilizer, 7 kg of silkworm manure, 0.5 kg of urea, 2 kg of calcium carbonate and 3 kg of superphosphate

Formula 2: 100 kg of rice straw, 7 kg of rapeseed cake, 1 kg of urea, 1 kg of compound fertilizer, 1 kg of calcium carbonate, 2 kg of calcium superphosphate and 2 kg of gypsum powder

Formula 3: 80 kg of rice straw, 20 kg of dried peanut vine or soybean stalk (to be crushed), 0.8 kg of ammonium sulfate, 0.4 kg of urea, 1 kg of calcium superphosphate and 1.8 kg of gypsum powder

Formula 4: 30 kg of rice straw, 70 kg of biogas digester residue (to be dried, crushed and screened), 1.5 kg of gypsum, and water from the biogas digester in composting.

Formula 5: 100 kg of rice straw, 40 kg of horse dung, 20 kg of chicken dung, 2 kg of calcium carbonate, 2 kg of gypsum, 1 kg of calcium superphosphate, 0.2 kg of urea and 1 kg of ammonium sulfate.

The recipes listed above are for reference only. Due to the different crops grown in different places, the raw material sources of mushroom culture materials are also different, and different formulations can be studied by themselves according to the specific local conditions. In general, when it is used as mushroom culture material in rural areas, it is often more than carbon source and insufficient nitrogen source. In this way, in the process of composting, due to the low amount of nitrogen, the rapid proliferation of beneficial microorganisms is affected, which is shown in that the temperature of the composting is not high, which delays the stacking time and affects the effect of the composting. Therefore, when preparing a new raw material formula, the reasonable carbon-nitrogen ratio of the formula is required, and the specific steps are as follows: first calculate the content of carbon and nitrogen of the main raw materials, and according to the principle of carbon-nitrogen ratio at 33:1, work out the ideal quantity of carbon and nitrogen, and then find out the amount of carbon and nitrogen that should be added to the raw material. Generally speaking, the content of nitrogen does not meet the requirements and needs to be replenished. The easiest way is to supplement it with chemical fertilizers. However, the amount of chemical fertilizer should be controlled within a certain range, too much will affect the rapid propagation of beneficial bacteria in composting fermentation, but also cause the loss of chemical fertilizer. Do not use ammonium bicarbonate as nitrogen source in mushroom culture material, because ammonium bicarbonate itself is unstable and easy to decompose and volatilize, and the high temperature produced in the process of composting promotes the volatilization of ammonium bicarbonate, and the loss of volatile ammonia causes loss in the atmosphere, and the ammonia emitted also inhibits the microorganisms in the stack.

Due to the lack of cow dung, the main raw material of mushroom dung-free cultivation technology, we should pay more attention to the interaction between auxiliary materials and reduce the loss of auxiliary materials in the fermentation of culture materials, and pay attention to different treatment in operation. For example: urea, ammonium sulfate, compound fertilizer should be added many times, not at the same time, in order to prevent loss and improve the utilization rate of chemical fertilizer. When several kinds of nitrogen fertilizers are used at the same time, ammonium sulfate can be sprinkled in layers at the start of the pile, urea can be sprinkled again when the pile is turned over for the first or second time, and the compound fertilizer can be adjusted with water and drenched into the haystack. In order to spread nitrogen fertilizer evenly, rice bran and other things can be used to mix well with nitrogen fertilizer and then sprinkle it into the compost. Gypsum can be sprinkled in the heap or in two stages. The lime should be replenished when it is turned over for the last time, and the pH value of the culture material should be adjusted to 7.0-7.5. In mushroom dung-free cultivation, bran cake, silkworm dung and chicken manure are often added. (note: silkworm manure and chicken manure had better be piled up and fermented before use, so as not to spread the disease. ) and other materials with high nitrogen content can increase the yield of mushrooms, but because the nitrogen ratio is too high, it is easy to be contaminated by miscellaneous bacteria. The mushroom secondary fermentation technology and edible mushroom ripening agent technology popularized in recent years can be combined with mushroom dung-free cultivation technology. In mushroom dung-free cultivation technology, credit bacteria ripening agent can be added or mushroom secondary fermentation can be adopted in the stacking of culture materials, so that mushroom dung-free cultivation technology can be more widely used in our region.