Analysis and prevention of canine distemper

Canine distemper is a highly contagious disease caused by canine distemper virus, which is a member of paramyxoviridae and measles virus genus. 55 cases of canine distemper and suspected cases diagnosed and treated from February to April 2003 were analyzed. The report is as follows for reference.

1 the incidence of canine distemper

1.1 the causes of this disease are more and more complicated. According to the investigation, there were 22 cases (40%) of sudden onset of the disease due to taking a cold bath, 28 cases (50.9%) of secondary canine distemper caused by overeating or excessive protein diet, lack of coarse grains, and secondary canine distemper caused by accumulated food. 5 cases (9.1%) were caused by strong wind cooling, continuous rain, sudden change of owners, change of diet, long-distance transportation, travel with dogs, etc. From the perspective of epidemic prevention, there was no epidemic prevention or although epidemic prevention, but the poor quality of the vaccine used or the lack of scientific prevention led to the disease in a total of 52 cases, accounting for 94.5% of the total; although strict epidemic prevention was required, there were still a total of 3 cases, accounting for 5.5%.

1.2 Age of onset, from the diagnosis and treatment of 55 cases of canine distemper and suspected cases, the incidence of canine distemper was different in dogs of different ages. The disease occurred in 3 cases at the age of 2 months, accounting for 5.5%, and 37 cases from 2 months to 1 year old, accounting for 67.3%, 15 cases at the age of 5 years old, accounting for 27.3%. Clinically, there is no disease over 5 years old, but it is reported that the maximum age of canine distemper in foreign countries is 8 years old.

1.3 relationship between disease and breed, in all cases, there were 37 cases of small and medium-sized dogs (such as Jingba, Lion Dog, Jingba and Lion Dog, eight Pigeon Dog, Butterfly Dog, Chihuahua, Cocker Hound, Bulldog, Basset Dog, No. 3 Hound, No. 5 Hound, Pomeranian, etc.), accounting for 67.3% of the total. There were 18 cases of large dogs (such as Dalmatians, Great Danes, Blackbacks, fighting dogs, Tibetan mastiff dogs, sniper dogs, meat dogs and ordinary hounds, etc.), accounting for 32.7% of the total.

1.4 incidence of canine distemper in different months A total of 10 cases of canine distemper and suspected cases occurred in February, accounting for 18.2% of the total, 17 cases occurred in March, accounting for 30.9% of the total, and 28 cases occurred in April, accounting for 50.9% of the total.

1.5 Canine distemper can be divided into four types: nervous type, macular type, respiratory type and digestive type. Clinically, nervous type and macular type are very rare. In the three months from February to April, there were only 2 cases of neural type and 1 case of macular type, accounting for 3.6% and 1.8% of the incidence of canine distemper, respectively. Simple respiratory canine distemper is also rare, only 4 cases, accounting for 7.3%. And digestive canine distemper has the highest incidence, together with digestive and respiratory syndrome, a total of 48 cases, accounting for 87.3%. However, there are neurological symptoms in the development of digestive and respiratory canine distemper.

2 typical manifestations of canine distemper

2.1 Neurotype is characterized by sudden screaming, convulsion, coma, falling to the ground and dying in a short time, but it should be different from acute encephalitis in dogs. As other types of neurological symptoms, the main manifestations are lip twitching, foaming, dysphagia, salivation, spasmodic contraction of limbs, unstable standing, difficulty walking, or lying posture, swimming movements of the limbs.

2.2 Digestive type showed typical symptoms of gastroenteritis, loss of appetite or abstinence, reduction or cessation of drinking water, and intractable vomiting. Even in the case of fasting, vomiting may occur, at this time, spit out more sticky, foamy liquid. Sometimes spit out red blood or black-red blood clots. Constipation followed by diarrhea, thin and smelly feces, mixed with a variety of pathological products, such as blood, mucus, pus, jelly-like objects and exfoliated intestinal mucosa and so on. There are obvious changes in the whole body, such as elevated body temperature, rapid breathing and rapid heartbeat. In addition, the nose is dry, even keratinized and cracked. Viscous or purulent secretions in the eyes, excessive keratinization of the foot mats, and even rough thorns are also typical features of the disease.

2.3 except for some symptoms similar to those of digestive canine distemper, respiratory type is characterized by cough, sticky or purulent nose and dyspnea, but most of them still have appetite.

2.4 spotted canine distemper is mainly in the chest, lower abdomen and other skin, the emergence of scattered or diffuse red spots, erythema, blisters, pustules and so on.

3Preventive measures of canine distemper

3.1 strict prevention at present, the production, management and management of biological products in the market are quite chaotic, and there are a lot of fake and shoddy dog vaccines. Therefore, it is necessary to choose well-known brands of vaccines produced by formal manufacturers, operated through formal channels, identified by relevant functional departments, and used strictly according to product instructions, such as vaccine preservation, usage, frequency of use, interval between two uses, enhanced immunization, and so on.

3.2 it is recommended that dogs raised alone should live in as few groups as possible, so that the kennel and environmental hygiene are good, and the occurrence of canine distemper can be reduced.

3.3 the feed is nutritious and should be regularly quantified and not overfed; do not feed rotten and raw meat, bones, animal offal, meat offal, fish waste, and take a bath in a timely and appropriate manner. Otherwise, the above factors can be used as the inducement of canine distemper.

3.4 reducing the effects of stress factors such as long-distance transportation, dog travel, entrusted care, environmental mutation, etc., can lead to endocrine disorders, metabolic disorders, and decreased body resistance. For this reason, an appropriate amount of hyperimmune serum can be injected before this.

3.5 when there have been cases of death due to canine distemper, the interval between raising a dog again should be several months or more than half a year, and the environment and equipment of the original dog should be thoroughly removed, disinfected or discarded to prevent further infection.

3.6 Immunization of female dogs before mating can enhance their own immunity, while immunization of pregnant dogs in the later stage of pregnancy can enhance the immunity and disease resistance of puppies.

3.7 for newly purchased puppies, before vaccination, an appropriate amount of high immune serum was injected to regulate the level of antibody in the body to stabilize it, and then immunized after gradually adapting to life after weaning. Immunization is generally carried out 2 or 3 weeks after the injection of high immune serum to reduce or avoid the interference of antibodies on the effect of the vaccine.

It is also reported that canine distemper virus has close antigenic relationship and common characteristics with measles virus of the same genus. Before the first immunization, attenuated measles vaccine can avoid the interference of maternal antibody and produce strong resistance and tolerance to canine distemper virus. Immunization to puppies over 8 weeks old can produce protective effect after 8 hours of injection. immune protection can last up to 8 months. Therefore, in the epidemic area and high incidence season, for the susceptible dogs who have just weaned, the freeze-dried vaccine of measles attenuated virus is injected into the dogs with 2-3 doses first, and then routine immunization is given after two weeks, which can achieve better results.

4 summary and discussion

4.1 from the occurrence of this disease, the incidence of sucking dogs is very rare, which is related to the care of bitches, the favor of owners, mainly living, less outdoor activities, and rarely affected by adverse environment and stress factors. But what is more important is that breast milk contains a large number of immune antibodies, the milk temperature is suitable and almost no pollution, the puppies are very safe after eating, and gain strong immunity.

4.2 non-epidemic prevention or unreasonable epidemic prevention is the main primary factor of the disease. Unvaccinated dogs are prone to infection because they have no or only a small amount of antibodies in their bodies. Epidemic prevention is unreasonable, mainly manifested in early epidemic prevention, lack of epidemic prevention, wrong interval of epidemic prevention and so on. The so-called early epidemic prevention refers to epidemic prevention before the age of epidemic prevention, which reduces or loses its efficacy after neutralizing the antibody and vaccine obtained from the mother and breast milk; the lack of epidemic prevention, that is, the number of continuous epidemic prevention is not enough, so that the antibody in the dog can not reach the due level; the wrong interval of epidemic prevention means that the interval between epidemic prevention is too long or too short, which is far from the requirements, resulting in immune failure.

4.3 as the cause of canine distemper, stress can excite the sympathetic nerve and exuberant basic metabolism, while the parasympathetic nerve is in a state of relative inhibition, resulting in excessive consumption and physical decline. Digestion, absorption, secretion dysfunction, the whole is in a state of low resistance, leading to canine distemper and other diseases. Therefore, in daily life, strengthening the feeding and management of dogs and reducing the influence of stress factors can reduce the occurrence of canine distemper.

4.4 injection of hyperimmune serum is one of the important measures to prevent the disease. For a period of time after weaning, due to the gradual decrease of antibody level in the body, the antibody can be directly supplemented by injection of high immune serum. For dogs with long-distance transportation, traveling with their owners and suddenly changing their owners, stress reactions may occur. Injection of high immune serum can improve immunity, enhance adaptability and disease resistance, so as to reduce the influence of stress factors.

4.5 from the occurrence of canine distemper, strictly and regularly immunized dogs rarely develop the disease, and even if it occurs, the symptoms are quite mild, and the cure rate is very high in the absence of other obvious factors. On the other hand, the dogs immunized informally have high morbidity and mortality. In addition, improper transportation and preservation of vaccines will also reduce the titer and lead to immune failure.