Discussion on the preparation and use of full-price feed for Wusuli raccoon dog

Racoon dog is endemic to East Asia, mainly produced in China, Russia, Korea, Japan, Mongolia and other countries, divided into many subspecies. Raccoon dogs are mainly distributed in Heilongjiang Province of China, the eastern and southeastern parts of Jilin Province and northeastern North Korea. At present, the vast majority of raccoon dogs farmed in China are Wusuli raccoon dogs from Heilongjiang Province. Raccoon dog is one of the fur animals with high economic value. compared with foxes and minks, raccoon dogs have the advantages of more litters, high survival rate, easy feeding and stable market. Therefore, in recent years, the number of raccoon dogs has increased steadily in China, and the momentum of development is good. It occupies a very important position in the breeding of fur animals in China. The large-scale and industrialized breeding of raccoon dogs needs to change the situation that the scientific and technological development of the feed industry lags behind that of breeding, and farmers must be driven and guided to change their traditional feeding methods, so as to get rid of the influence of the rising sources and prices of fresh materials for animals such as sea miscellaneous fish. change to a more scientific and reasonable way of using full-price compound feed. At present, different kinds and different physiological stages of fur animal special additive feed, concentrated feed, full-price feed and so on are on the market, and the number of manufacturers involved has grown from several at the beginning to hundreds now. Market competition has promoted the scientific and technological progress of the industry and the change of raccoon dog breeding methods. The use of full-price dry feed has been accepted by more and more farmers. It has become the inevitable choice for raising raccoons to take the road of industrialization development. In this paper, the author puts forward his own views on several problems and experiences found in the preparation, processing and popularization of dry feed for raccoon dogs in recent years, which can be used as a reference for colleagues and farmers.

1 requirements for all kinds of nutrients

For the scientific nutritional needs of animals, it is necessary to systematically study the requirements of animals for maintenance, growth, reproduction and their proportion with other nutrients, and finally determine the feeding standard through feeding, digestion and metabolism tests. this standard is an important basis for the scientific preparation of animal diets. At present, the research data on the nutritional needs of Ursuli raccoon dogs are less, far less detailed than livestock and poultry. There are some problems in some feeding standards, such as the same requirements of crude protein, calcium, phosphorus and salt as foxes at different stages, the use of total energy per energy unit, and incomplete data on the requirements of various trace elements and vitamins. This is not only the confusion caused by the preparation of dry feed and the selection of feed by users, but also the main reason for the great difference in feed feeding effect among different manufacturers.

1.1 Nutrition such as crude protein

Whether the requirements of crude protein, calcium, phosphorus and salt in different stages of raccoon dogs are the same as those of foxes, according to the analysis of their eating habits and digestive physiological characteristics in the wild state, it should be lower than that of foxes. But as low as what standard is appropriate, the author reduced the crude protein level of raccoon dogs from 32% to 28% of the dietary nutrition standard to 26%. Through the feeding experiment in more than 30 feeding farms (households) in Leting County, Hebei Province, it was found that raccoon dogs grew well, and the average weight of raccoon dogs exceeded 6kg by the Winter Solstice, and some reached 8.5kg. This shows that the proper level of crude protein in the diet of Ursuli raccoon dog still needs the support of some basic research.

1.2 various vitamins

The amounts of major vitamins VA, VE, Vc, VB1, etc., are given in some nutritional standards and empirical formulations. Although raccoon dogs have a cecum about 7.5cm long, and microorganisms in the cecum can synthesize some B vitamins, any vitamin deficiency can cause corresponding deficiencies due to different feed composition and sources under artificial culture conditions. Therefore, the supply of various vitamins must be guaranteed. In the absence of research data, in view of the fact that the digestive physiological characteristics of raccoon dogs are similar to those of pigs, we can learn from the vitamin requirements of pigs at different stages and adjust their supply appropriately. The author made reference to the vitamin requirement of pregnant sows except Vc in the diet of raccoon dog breeding season. The feeding experiment proved that the effect of estrus and mating was good.

1.3 Energy

Energy plays an equally important role in ensuring the normal growth and reproduction of animals as well as the need for protein. Some standards based on the total energy required for raccoon dog diet can only be used for reference in formulation development. Because different animals have different digestion and utilization rates of different feeds, and there is no data on the energy digestibility or metabolic rate of raccoon dogs on various feed materials, when preparing feed, on the premise of meeting the total energy needs, the digestion and metabolic rate of feed can be obtained by digestion and metabolism test and feeding test.

1.4 various trace elements

At present, there is a lack of research data, and there are few studies on trace element deficiency or toxicosis, but the effect of trace elements on the production performance of various animals is very important. The author believes that the specific requirements can also be used for reference to the trace element requirements of pigs, but it should be pointed out that the use of high copper, high iron and high zinc must be avoided, otherwise it may cause poisoning, and whether this is the case needs further study.

In short, the nutritional requirements of raccoon dogs still need to do a lot of basic research, in order to formulate more scientific and reasonable feeding standards to guide feed processing and breeding industry, to achieve full price and balance in the real sense, and to promote the development process of Wusuli raccoon dog industrialization.

2 proportion of plant feed

Racoon dogs belong to the genus Carnivora Canidae in the zoological classification, and they are carnivores. Raccoon dogs also have mixed eating habits in the wild. In the characteristics of digestive tract, the length of digestive tract of raccoon dog is 7.5 times of body length, and that of fox is 3-4 times; raccoon dog has a long 7.5cm cecum, and the cecum of fox degenerates; therefore, raccoon dog is an omnivore in carnivores compared with foxes, that is, raccoon dogs can digest and use more plant feed. Some data suggest that the proportion of plant-derived feed should not exceed 30% or 50% may be due to lack of production practice. How to properly increase the proportion of plant feed in raccoon dog formula feed, reduce the formula cost and ensure a good feeding effect, the author thinks that there are mainly three key problems: the ripening of ① plant feed, if the raw materials of plant feed used are ripened, the proportion of use can be increased appropriately. Various combinations of plant-derived feeds of ② can not only achieve nutritional complementarity, but also increase the proportion; the use of ③ additives, in view of the digestive characteristics of raccoon dogs, can be appropriately increased by adding compound enzymes, feed yeast, probiotics, bacteriostatic and growth-promoting drugs that are beneficial to the digestion of plant-derived feed. The ratio of plant-derived feed in the growing raccoon dog feed was more than 80%, and no dyspepsia and growth effects were found in the application.

3Feed processing technology and feeding method

3.1 production and processing technology of compound feed

The production and processing of compound feed for raccoon dogs is different from the processing of pig and poultry feed, one is the fine powder of raw materials, it is generally believed that fineness is one of the factors affecting digestibility, and the other is the ripening treatment of plant raw materials, which is usually treated by puffing technology. this is one of the important factors affecting the effect of feed. Third, when processing expanded pellet feed, the dosage and adding process of some non-heat-resistant additives should be considered to prevent nutritional damage and deficiency in the processing process. This process has higher requirements for feed equipment, and it is difficult for small feed factories to produce.

3.2 feeding method of compound feed

At present, most manufacturers choose dry powder, only a few manufacturers produce expanded granules, different feed types determine the different feeding methods and feeding effects. Comparatively speaking, both of them do not need to cook or boil, so they have the advantages of time-saving, labor-saving, labor-saving, convenient storage and non-deterioration. Through observation in production, it is also found that the method of dry feeding with expanded particles and free drinking water has more advantages: ① dry powder can only be fed with water, although it is more suitable for the traditional feeding method, but due to the sinking of heavy raw materials in the process of powder transportation, water addition and feeding process, it will inevitably lead to nutritional imbalance among individual feeding of raccoon dogs. In addition, after adding water, water will increase the chance of contact between nutrients, and the interaction between nutrients will destroy some nutrients and reduce their titer, which can be overcome by using expanded pellet feed. The tooth type of ② raccoon dog is suitable for grinding food and has strong masticatory ability. it can quickly recognize granular and block feed and has good palatability. chewing expanded particles can increase the secretion of saliva and supplement the deficiency of amylase in gastric juice. The digestive tract of ③ raccoon dog is short, and the retention time of food in the digestive tract is short, which affects the digestion and absorption of nutrients in the feed, which is also one of the main reasons for changing the traditional dilution feeding; dry feeding of expanded pellet feed will increase the retention time of feed in the digestive tract than that of adding water, thus improving the digestibility. ④ water is one of the most important nutrients in animal metabolism, and its performance can only be brought into full play to meet the needs of animals for water. Dry powder mixed with water before drinking water, compared with the traditional sparse feed without drinking water, has a great improvement in meeting the needs of water; but raccoon dogs like to drink clean water, and when they drink enough, they have the habit of going away after soiling clean drinking water with their toes; therefore, drinking water after dry powder and water mixture feeding still can not overcome the problem of insufficient drinking water. If you feed expanded pellet feed and use an automatic water dispenser for raccoon dogs to drink freely, raccoon dogs can drink clean water at any time according to their own needs. Dry feeding of ⑤ expanded pellet feed is beneficial to fur cleaning and can overcome the shortcomings of fur pollution and fur entanglement caused by mixed water feeding. Therefore, the author suggests that fur animal feed manufacturers should produce and popularize expanded pellet compound feed with full nutrition, which will further promote the process of industrialized breeding of raccoon dogs.