Planting and Management Technology of pollution-free Xiantao

Xiantao is a famous fruit variety in China. Because it is rich in a variety of vitamins, it is deeply loved by the broad masses of people, and it is also planted widely.

I. Garden site selection

The peach tree garden should be built on sandy loam with high dry, flat and deep soil layer. It is required that the soil is fertile, the content of organic matter is high, the growth is good, the groundwater resources are rich, drought can be irrigated, waterlogging can be drained, and the drainage and irrigation facilities are complete. Avoid building garden in alkaline soil of continuous cropping land.

II. Requirements for environmental conditions

1. Temperature: peach trees need a low temperature of less than 7.2℃ in winter dormancy, complete dormancy and germinate normally. During the spring flowering period, peach trees have the lowest resistance to low temperature, generally less than 0 ℃, and are vulnerable to freezing injury. The fruit needs a certain high temperature during the ripening period, and the average temperature during the growing period is 24.9 ℃. The yield and quality are high.

2.Illumination: peach trees are strong light-loving trees. If the cultivation management is improper, the upper branches and leaves of the crown are too dense, then the lower part of the light is insufficient, the twigs are easy to die, and the phenomenon of "bare legs" appears. Therefore, it is necessary to fully reshape and trim.

3. Moisture: peach trees are more resistant to drought, too much rainfall will lead to overgrowth, poor results and poor quality. However, after flowering and rapid fruit growth period, such as insufficient water supply, it will be severely punished to affect fruit development, resulting in a large number of fruit drop. Peach trees are afraid of waterlogging and can not tolerate flooding. High groundwater level and poor drainage can easily lead to root rot and even death of the whole tree.

4. Soil: general soil can be planted, but the drainage is good, and the sandy soil with deep upper layer is the most suitable.

III. Production management technology

1. Raising seedlings: there are three ways of raising seedlings of peach trees, namely, seed propagation, grafting and cutting propagation. Grafting propagation is mainly bud grafting, and the commonly used rootstocks are hairy peach, mountain peach and common rootstock. The sowing time of rootstock seeds is generally divided into autumn sowing and Chung sowing. Autumn sowing is from late October to early November, and rootstock seeds are directly buried in the soil of the nursery; spring sowing is to sow rootstock seeds from late March to early April after layer treatment. If the fast-growing seedlings are cultivated, the sowing time can be advanced to the end of February to the first ten days of March. Sowing should choose loam or sandy soil with flat terrain and convenient drainage and irrigation as nursery land.

2. Garden establishment techniques: (1) digging holes and planting lines according to the plant row spacing (4m × 5m), digging holes or planting ditches, deep 60~80cm, wide 80~100cm, topsoil and inner soil, respectively. 30 days before planting, part of the core soil was mixed with crop straw and weeds, and then filled in the planting hole. (2) the seedlings of peach trees were dried in time in spring and autumn, and the height of fixed drying was generally cut at the full buds near the dry height 40~60cm, so as to reduce the consumption of nutrients and water, promote bud germination and improve its survival rate. (3) after planting, manage the drought and irrigation of peach seedlings after planting, ploughing and weeding, or chemical weeding with 48% trimethoprim EC 50ml 1000 times, and then cover a dazzling wide film to increase temperature and moisturize to promote the growth and development of seedlings.

3. Soil fertilizer and water management: the new garden should be deeply turned over to improve the water, fertilizer, gas and heat condition of the soil. The main results are as follows: (1) fertilization, the best application period of base fertilizer is from mid-late September to early November, and the main fertilization methods are furrow application (including ring, radial, strip). Ditch fertilization generally requires a ditch depth of 20 cm to 40 cm, and deepens year by year with the growth of trees, and the ditch width is 30 cm to 40 cm. Generally, 8000 kg of rotten ring fertilizer is applied per mu. (2) topdressing before flowering: urea 25kg was applied per mu from late February to early March every year to increase the fruit setting rate. (3) Fruit expansion fertilizer: in the first ten days of June of the second year, calcium superphosphate 50kg and potassium sulfate 40kg were applied per mu to promote fruit expansion, improve fruit sugar content and appearance quality. (4) Postharvest fertilizer: applying ternary compound fertilizer 50kg per mu in the middle of September every year to compensate for nutrient consumption and enrich the development of branches and buds. Pay attention to watering after topdressing. (5) watering: water before flowering, water thoroughly. After anthesis water, timely irrigation, to ensure that the new shoot after anthesis and fruit development, reduce fruit drop. Fruit swelling water, this period of water shortage, will seriously affect the growth of fruit. With frozen water sealed, peach trees must be watered once before winter to improve their ability to survive the winter. Peaches are resistant to drought and afraid of waterlogging, and drainage is more important than irrigation. Before the rainy season comes to harvest, we must pay close attention to the drainage channels. If the garden is prone to stagnant water, ridges can be taken to drain water.

4. Shaping and pruning (1) commonly used tree shape: the common tree shape of Xiantao is cup-shaped, the main branch is happy and spindle-shaped, and the main branch is naturally happy. (2) pruning methods: there are three main methods of winter pruning, such as cutting, thinning and shrinking. The main methods of summer pruning are sprouting, sprouting, heart picking, twisting, branch pulling, ring peeling and so on. (3) pruning of young trees and primary fruit trees: in the first fruiting tree, the auxiliary branches were truncated at first, then strong and weak, and then they were cultured into fruiting branch group. Summer pruning should be done well in the young tree period. when the growth length of the main branch reaches about 70 cm, the secondary branch should be used as an extended branch so that the main branch can form a secondary branch within one year. In late May, remove overdense overgrown branches and competitive branches in time, stay, or twist according to their growth space, or leave a length of 153 cm to re-pick the heart. The secondary shoot in the crown is generally not thinned, but it is about 30cm and twisted when it is not yet lignified. (4) pruning in full fruit period: the main task of peach tree pruning in full fruit period is to coordinate the contradiction of growth and fruit so as to achieve high quality and high yield. Timely update: there are two common methods: single-branch renewal and double-branch renewal. The regeneration of a single branch is to leave 3-5 buds truncated to the fruit branch to promote its edge fruiting and edge branch. During the winter pruning in the following year, 1-2 new shoots at the base were retained and the single shoot regeneration continued. Double branch renewal, is to the two adjacent branches, the top one light cut, so that the result: the following one leaves 2 to 3 buds heavy cut, to promote budding and branching. In the winter pruning of the following year, the upper fruiting branches were shrunk and cut off, and for the preparatory branches and new shoots, one was long to bear fruit, and one was used as the re-cutting of the preparatory branch to continue to renew the double branches.

5. Flower and fruit management (1) Pollen should be taken in peach trees, which should be carried out at the budding or early flowering stage. The method is to collect flowers from the robust branches of suitable pollination varieties, remove the anthers indoors, put them on turbid paper and dry in the shade at 20: 25 ℃. After 1-2 days, the anthers spread out pollen, which can be used for pollination after basket. (2) artificial pollination: first, after the pollen is fully mixed with 2 times 3 times talc powder or starch, put it in a small bottle, dip the pollen gently on the stigma of the newly blooming flower with a brush or soft eraser, dip it once to give 7 flowers and 10 flowers, (3) thinning flowers and fruits: peach trees thinning flowers and fruits, two weeks after Xie Hua, when the big and small fruits can be distinguished, the long fruit branches leave 2 flowers and 3 fruits, and the middle fruit branches leave 1 fruit. Short fruit branches and bouquet-shaped fruit branches leave 1 fruit. When thinning fruit, the old tree should be thinned early, and after the early fruit stage, the tree should go up and down first, branches and fruit should be thinned, and carried out sequentially. (4) fruit bagging: peach fruit bagging is an effective measure to improve fruit quality and reduce diseases and insect pests. The size of the paper bag of this variety is 22 × 24cm. The bagging time should be 45 days before the fruit ripening. The paper bag should be removed 7 days before the fruit ripening, and the leaves of the fruit should be removed to facilitate the fruit coloring.

IV. Pest control

1. Main diseases and insect pests: the main diseases and insect pests of peach trees are: peach bacterial perforation, brown rot, aphids, peach heart-eating disease.

2. Prevention and control principle: according to the plant protection policy of "prevention first and comprehensive control", adhere to the "harmless control principle of agricultural control, physical control and biological control, supplemented by chemical control". (1) Agricultural control: turning tree plates before winter to eliminate overwintering pupae, larvae and pathogens, combined with winter pruning, cutting off diseased branches, removing fallen leaves, and concentrated burning. Strengthen the management of peach orchard, pay attention to drainage, increase the application of organic fertilizer, avoid partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, reasonable pruning to improve ventilation and light transmission conditions, enhance tree potential and improve tree disease resistance. (2) physical control: covered with plastic film under the tree plate in the first ten days of March, so that the overwintering pupae and eggs could not fly out after hatching. (3) Biological control: actively protect and utilize natural enemies and promote the use of botanical pesticides such as veratrine, matrine and azadirachtin to control diseases and insect pests. (4) Chemical control: spraying 30 times solution of Baume 5 degree stone sulfur mixture before germination and spraying 72% agricultural streptomycin soluble powder 3000 times solution after germination could control bacterial perforation and brown rot, the dosage per mu was 3 6L and 33~66ml, respectively. During the growing period of peach trees, 5000 times solution of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder was sprayed once, 20g per mu to control aphids. The 1500-fold solution of 25% diflubenzuron No. 3 suspension and the dosage of 67~134ml per mu can control peach heart borer and fine moth, etc. the two drugs are carried out 30 days before fruit ripening and are allowed to be used twice in the whole growing period.

5. Harvesting and packing

1. The harvest time of peach fruit is often determined according to the characteristics of the variety, the distance and the means of transportation. Do not harvest too early or too late. Under normal circumstances, the maturity of peach fruit can be divided into three stages: market maturity, full maturity and maturity. Market ripening period: also known as fruit hard ripening period, when the fruit is enlarged on both sides, the fruit surface has less villi, the background color changes from green to white, the color is bright, and the soluble solid content reaches the level that the variety should have. The full ripening period: it appeared 3-5 days after the hard ripening period of the fruit, when the pericarp gradually changed from green to light yellow or milky white, bright color, PH value of fruit juice, titratable acid content and sugar-acid ratio, etc., all reached the due level of the variety, fully showing the flavor and persistence of the variety. Ripening period: the period when the peach fruit is fully ripe. When harvesting, gently hold the whole fruit with your hand, twist it a little, and the fruit stalk will be separated from the fruit branch, do not pull hard. The postharvest transportation should be handled and handled gently to avoid mechanical damage.

2. Peach fruits are often packed in cartons. Packaging should be strictly classified, each grade of the fruit to maintain the size, basic color. There are two kinds of cartons: corrugated box and ordinary carton. In the corrugated box, the cardboard is divided into grids. The peach fruit is wrapped in paper and placed in the grid. There are 10 fruits in each layer, and the whole box can be filled with 2 layers of fruit. Carton packing is suitable for transportation, sale and export.

VI. Pesticides not allowed to be used

Methamidophos, ethamidophos, monocrotophos, methamidophos, 1605, methyl 1605 opacification, omethoate, phosphoramines, carbofuran, aldicarb, isophos-methyl, chlordimeform, triclofenac, propargite, DDT, BHC, lindane sodium fluoride, fluoroacetamide, formet arsenic and other arsenic preparations.