Peach planting techniques

First, open the garden

1. Site selection: relatively concentrated and continuous, suitable climatic and soil conditions, moderate slope and direction above sea level, peach trees like sunshine, preferably south, sufficient light, slope should not be too large, generally below 25 degrees, the top of the mountain is best for afforestation, the foothills are selected, the soil layer is deep, fertile and loose is the best, the depth of the soil layer is the most important, the fertile soil is relatively easy to transform, and the forest land that has become a forest is best preserved. Try to avoid destroying forests and planting fruits.

2. Comprehensive planning: comprehensive consideration of mountains, water, gardens, forests, roads, agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry, which can be combined with each other as far as possible, such as the combination of forest and fruit, grass and fruit, etc., according to local conditions, resulting in a good ecosystem. The most important thing in mountainous areas is soil and water conservation. If combined well, the environment can be transformed to form a virtuous circle. To open a mountain to build a garden, we should first consider arranging roads, ditches, shelterbelts (forests and forest belts), as well as office buildings, dormitories, warehouses, sheds, livestock and poultry houses, and other buildings, some of which are centralized and some scattered, so as to facilitate work and life. There are also dung tanks and storage tanks in the field.

3. Construction and other high-level terraces are the most important measures for fruit trees uphill and soil and water conservation. The width of the Mesa and the height of the ladder wall have the greatest relationship with the slope, the greater the slope, the higher the ladder wall, and the smaller the Mesa, so the slope can not be large. It is impossible to have the same slope on a slope, and it should be based on the maximum slope, so as to avoid that the confluence of individual places with large slopes is too small. Ladder wall to stay slope protection, with stone or turf brick base to maintain a 70-degree slope, soil wall to tamp, so as not to collapse. The countertop is at least 3 meters, keep it horizontal or slightly introverted as far as possible, with a ridge in front and a back ditch in the back for traffic, drainage and irrigation. When opening terraces, you should open them from the bottom to the top, and try to keep the topsoil on the platform.

II. Colonization

1. Open a fixed planting hole or trench. This is the first step in the transformation of mountain soil. Mountain red soil generally has shortcomings such as acidity, barren, stickiness and drought, which should be reformed by digging holes or digging trenches to apply organic fertilizer. It is best to open trenches where the underlying soil is sticky and poorly drained. The depth of the hole or groove is 60ml 80cm. It is not necessary to reach 1m, which can save labor cost. The withered branches, fallen leaves and manuscripts at the bottom of the hole or ditch can be thicker, and then fill some soil and add some lime or human feces and urine to promote decay, and then put some fine ones in layers, and finally return all the soil to the cave or ditch. It is best to do this 2 months before planting.

2. Colonization

(1) period: deciduous fruit trees are generally carried out after defoliation.

(2) planting distance: general peach trees grow about 40 trees per mu, terrace 3 meters, plant distance 4 meters can be planted to young plants. Stagger up and down to increase the light.

(3) methods: planting seedlings should be carried out in batches according to the size, so as to avoid a domestic stagger. Dig the small disaster in the original big hole after the plant row distance is fixed, if you want to plant the position accurately, you can use the planting board. When planting, make the fibrous root stretch naturally, close with the root when filling the soil into the hole, leave no space, and then press it. Pay attention to the depth of the species should be based on the original depth of the nursery, not too deep, not too shallow, too shallow roots will be exposed, easy to drought, too deep and not fast, or even can not grow up, after planting should be watered thoroughly, and pillars should be set up in places with strong wind. When planting, apply some superphosphate, calcium magnesium phosphorus, soil miscellaneous fertilizer and so on. Mix evenly with the soil to prevent concentrated fertilizer damage to the root.

III. Management of Young trees

Peach trees can be put into production 2-3 years after planting, but the crown continues to expand. The main purpose of this period is to comprehensively transform the garden and cultivate reasonable tree crowns. The main work is as follows:

1. Plastic surgery: the natural happy shape is generally adopted, that is, it is cut and dried at about 50 cm from the ground after planting. There should be 8 full buds under the cuttings, and 4 branches with strong growth and different directions should be selected as the main shoots later in spring. The landing point of the main branch should have a certain distance, and the strength can be controlled by changing the angle. If the rest of the branches compete with the main branches, they should be removed, and the weak ones should be retained as auxiliary maintenance techniques. From May to June, if the main branch grows healthily and its length has reached 60 mi 80 cm, it can pick out the heart, promote the secondary elimination, cultivate the secondary main branch and secondary main branch, and expand the crown. The cutting buds are generally left on the outside, and the lateral branches germinating below choose a suitable and robust branch as the secondary main branch. The secondary main branches left by each main branch should be on the same side to avoid emptiness or collision. In this way, the second main branch can be cultivated in one year, and the second branch can be left for the second time to form a tree crown, which will be put into production in the third year.

2. Expand soil improvement: continue to expand the scope of soil improvement, dig a garden ditch or trench with a depth of about 40 cm at the original hole or trench, and apply organic matter fertilizer as when opening the hole, so as to improve the soil. When expanding, it should communicate with the original acupoint to prevent leaving a spacer layer. The expansion can be completed within 3 years after planting, which is better in autumn or in winter.

3. Fertilization: in addition to using fertilizer as base fertilizer during planting and expansion, quick-acting fertilizer can be applied before each growing season to promote branch growth. Urea and other fertilizers can be used, 1 / 2 per plant.

4. Intercropping between orchards: the gap in the young garden can be intercropped with all kinds of crops, increase income, rice stalks can be buried or covered with fertilizer, and mixed with legumes or legumes and gramineous crops, which is most beneficial to the cultivation of soil fertility and can also be used as fodder. Grass for slope protection can also be planted on the ladder wall, and it is best to cover the ground with green crops.

5, drainage and water conservation: peach trees are most afraid of stagnant water, pay attention to drainage in the rainy season, back ditch blockage to clean up the circulation, silt soil will be cultivated on the tree plate. In dry season, tree plates can be covered with loose soil to reduce water evaporation and loss.

IV. Adult tree management

1. Pruning; the flower buds of peach trees are easy to form, usually bearing fruit mainly on long and medium fruit branches, and some varieties can bear fruit on both long and short fruit branches. The crown of the primary fruit tree continues to expand, with more long fruit branches and futile fruit branches, which should be cut and put lightly, not heavy cutting to prevent overgrowth, and cultivate the third or fourth grade main branches, while the middle and long branches are formed below, and the more upright branches can pull apart the angle and properly pick the heart to control the tree situation. The long fruit branches of adult trees can be renewed by a single branch, that is, the long fruit branches are cut short at the full buds, so that part of the flower buds bear fruit and fruit branches are ready to bear fruit in the afternoon. As a result, with the increase of age, the tree gradually recedes, the growth of long fruit branches weakens and can be cut heavily, while the increase of medium and short fruit branches can be properly cut or not cut to make it bear fruit, and part of it should be thinned when it is too dense. When the long fruit branch weakens and cannot grow into the long fruit branch through short cutting, the method of double branch renewal can be adopted, that is, in the same branch group, one long branch continues to bear fruit after light pruning, while the other leaves 2-3 years of heavy pruning, so that 3 long fruiting branches grow, so that one branch will bear fruit in the coming year, and the other branch will be heavily pruned and renewed in winter to keep the branch momentum. The position of the result may be close to the main branch as far as possible, and if the fruit part moves outward, it should be retracted to control the crown within a certain range.

When pruning, it is necessary to remove dense branches, overlapping branches, disease and insect withered branches, so as to make the canopy well ventilated.

Pruning is generally after the defoliation in winter, but the heart-picking and smearing during the growing period are also very important. Some bad branches can be disposed of in time, the nutrition consumption can be reduced, and the leaves close to the fruit should be sparse, which can reduce insect pests.

2. Soil management

(1) fertilization: base fertilizer should be applied in autumn, farm manure is better, if there is a kind of green manure, it can also be buried with green manure. The adult tree is 50ml 100kg per tree, and the soil with high acidity is added some lime and calcium superphosphate, 0.5ml 1kg. Topdressing 2Mel 3 times, once in 2-3 months before sprouting and flowering, once in young fruit stage 4-5 months, and 6-7 months after fruit harvest, available available fertilizer. Peach trees have high requirements for potash fertilizer, so we should pay attention to increasing the application of potash fertilizer. Its N:P:K ratio is 1kg, 0.5kg, 1kg of nitrogen, 0.5kg of phosphorus, 1kg of potassium, and other calcium, magnesium, iron, boron, zinc and manganese are also important to produce 100kg fruit.

(2) Tillage and mulching of tree plates: generally, tree plates should be kept loose in order to facilitate soil ventilation and reduce water evaporation. The mulching method can be used to keep moisture in the dry season, and the mulching materials can be made of rice straw, mountain grass, green manure stems and leaves and so on.

(3) drainage: in the rainy season of spring and summer, ditch drainage should be cleared to prevent the harm of stagnant water.