Principles of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of pig poisoning

The physiological disorder caused by poisoning can hinder the growth and development of pigs or even die, resulting in great economic losses. Understanding the principles of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of pig poisoning is helpful to reduce the occurrence and loss of pig poisoning.

(1) diagnosis of pig poisoning

1. Medical history investigation. To understand the type, storage and processing of feed, to analyze whether there is the possibility of mildew and deterioration of feed; to investigate whether pigs have been exposed to or mistakenly ate toxic substances such as poisonous plants, rat poison, pesticides, chemical fertilizers, factory wastewater, etc., whether any drugs have been added to or directly used in pig feed and drinking water recently due to disease prevention, treatment or deworming; to know the number of cases, elapsed time, deaths and past medical history of pigs.

2. Clinical examination. Poisoned pigs often occur at the same time or successively, with similar symptoms; acute poisoning often occurs suddenly, and the symptoms of pigs with strong physique and appetite are more severe. According to the different causes of poisoning, diseased pigs often show digestive, respiratory and neurological symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, salivation, anorexia, abdominal pain, dyspnea, muscle tremor, dyskinesia, spasm, coma and so on. Some poisoning cases also have anemia, blindness, jaundice, hematuria, lameness, photosensitivity and other symptoms.

3. Anatomical examination. Pigs are often poisoned by ingestion of toxins through the digestive tract, so the examination of digestive tract lesions, content color, smell and nature is of great significance for diagnosis. Diseased pigs often show congestion, bleeding and necrosis of digestive tract mucosa. Sometimes poisonous plants or other poisons that cause poisoning can be found in the stomach and intestines; some poisons can make gastrointestinal contents have a special smell, such as the smell of bitter almonds poisoned by cyanide, the smell of garlic poisoned by phosphorus, etc.; the vomit and stomach contents of zinc phosphide poisoning can be seen in the dark. There are often damaging lesions in the liver and kidney. In addition, the change of blood color is meaningful for the diagnosis of some poison poisoning, such as cyanide poisoning, nitrite poisoning blood is bright red, nitrite poisoning blood is brown and so on.

4. Toxicants shall be submitted for examination. For some cases whose initial diagnosis is poisoning but can not determine what kind of poisoning, appropriate amount of feed or fresh gastrointestinal contents should be taken for laboratory analysis.

(2) Prevention of pig poisoning

1. Prevent nitrite poisoning: green feed such as cabbage, lettuce and radish leaves is best fed raw or beaten. If cooking, it should be cooled quickly, do not cover stew, do not stay overnight in the pot or stay in the jar while it is hot. Green feed should be temporarily stored in a dry, cool, well-ventilated place. Hot, moldy green feed after stacking should not be used to feed pigs.

2. Prevention of solanum nigrum poisoning: potatoes should be stored in a dry and cool place to prevent sprouting; do not feed rotten, green or germinated potatoes to pigs, cut off germs, green skins and rotten parts if necessary, fully boil (can add a certain amount of vinegar) and feed with other feed. Instead of feeding the green tomatoes directly to the pigs, you can add an appropriate amount of vinegar and then feed them. Piglets and pregnant sows do not use rotten potatoes or green tomatoes as feed.

3. Prevention of mycotoxin poisoning: corn, wheat, rice, legumes and other feed should be stored in a low temperature and dry place, seriously moldy should be abandoned, slightly moldy should be peeled or soaked and then used in conjunction with other feed; do not need moldy sweet potato to feed pigs, if necessary, cut off the moldy part, boil it and then use it with other feed. Do not use moldy straw as pigsty bedding.

4. Prevent poisoning of cake and dregs: cottonseed cake (meal) and rapeseed cake (meal) should be detoxified and used in limited quantities; distiller's grains and bean curd dregs should not be stored for too long, do not feed pigs with dregs alone, and those who are seriously sour should be abandoned.

5. Prevention of salt poisoning: master the amount of salt added in the feed (average salt content in the feed; do not exceed 0.5%), ensure adequate drinking water, and feed pigs with soy residue, soy sauce dregs, pickles, fish meal and leftovers, should consider the salt content, and mixed with other feed, no or less salt. When using sodium sulfate and sodium lactate to treat pig disease, the dosage should not be too large.

6. to prevent poisonous plant poisoning: do not feed pigs with celery, green bar leaves, gray vegetables, wheat seedlings, sorghum seedlings, Xanthium seed cakes, etc.; trees such as neem and apricot trees should not be planted next to the barn to prevent their fruits from falling into the pig pen; root out the Xanthium, green bar tree, mandala and other plants around the fence to prevent pigs from mistakenly eating the stems and leaves of these plants.

7. Prevention of pesticide and rat poison poisoning: strengthen the management of pesticides and rat poison, strictly prevent pollution of feed and drinking water; feed pigs without green feed that has just been sprayed with pesticides, and wash green feed after spraying pesticides for a period of time; poison baits should be placed in a safe place when killing rats.

8. Prevention of drug poisoning: when using anthelmintics to drive worms to pigs, or using quinolinol, oxytetracycline and other drugs to control pig diseases, you should master the dosage and methods of drug use, and do not overuse or long-term use of drugs.

In addition, attention should be paid to the management of chemical fertilizers, heavy metals and chemical reagents to prevent contamination of feed and drinking water or being eaten by pigs.

(3) treatment of pig poisoning

1. Elimination of poison sources: timely collection and destruction of suspected bait, vomit, garbage or feed to prevent pigs from continuing to contact or feed. If the poison has not been determined, consideration should be given to changing the site, drinking water, feed and utensils.

2. remove body surface poisons: if poisoning occurs due to body surface contact with poisons, you can rinse the body surface repeatedly, such as clear water, soapy water, lime water or vinegar water, according to the nature of the poison.

3. Remove toxins from the digestive tract: if poisons are ingested through the digestive tract, emetic, gastric lavage, laxatives and adsorbents can be used to promote the excretion of toxins and prevent them from being absorbed by the body.

Emetic can excite the vomiting center and promote the excretion of poisons through vomiting. Copper sulfate solution with 1% emetic is commonly used, and root powder or syrup can also be used.

Gastric lavage is an effective way to remove toxins from the digestive tract into the body. Gastric lavage commonly used warm water, 1% Mel 2% salt water and normal saline, etc., according to the toxic properties can also choose 1% tannic acid solution, 0.02% Mel 0.1% potassium permanganate solution, 2% sodium bicarbonate solution, and so on. The effect of gastric lavage is better when the poison enters the digestive tract within 6 hours.

Laxatives include salts and oil laxatives, which can promote the excretion of toxins by strengthening gastrointestinal secretion and stimulating intestinal peristalsis. Salt laxatives can prevent the absorption of poisons because of their osmotic pressure, and the detoxification effect is better. The commonly used agents are sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate. Oil laxatives can dissolve some poisons and promote the absorption of poisons, so they are generally not used as detoxification laxatives, especially for organophosphorus, organochlorine, zinc phosphide and other poisons.

4. Bloodletting: for cases in which the poison enters the body for a long time and is absorbed into the blood by the body, bloodletting therapy such as venous bloodletting or ear cutting and tail amputation can be used to eliminate some of the poison, and then intravenous injection of appropriate amount of glucose or glucose saline.

5. application of specific antidotes: in the case of determining the nature of poisons, special antidotes should be quickly used for detoxification treatment for some poisoning with special antidotes. Organophosphorus poisoning can be detoxified by pralidoxime iodide or atropine, nitrite poisoning can be detoxified by methylene blue or toluidine blue, cyanide poisoning can be detoxified by sodium thiosulfate or sodium nitrite, and organic fluorosis can be detoxified by Jiefuling (acetamide). Heavy metal (mercury, lead, copper, etc.) and metal-like (arsenic, antimony, phosphorus, etc.) poisoning can be detoxified with dimercaptopropanol or sodium dimercaptopropanesulfonate.

6. symptomatic support therapy: there is no specific antidote or can not buy specific antidote after some poison poisoning, symptomatic support therapy is often used to maintain the life activities of the body and alleviate the symptoms of poisoning. The commonly used symptomatic support therapy includes cardiotonic, fluid replacement, sedation, excited breathing, diuresis and liver protection, etc.